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NEET ]1[ Contd...
NEET Biology Class 12 - Biodiversity and Conservation Ultra-Hard Question Bank
Instructions:
- Each question has four options (1), (2), (3), (4). Choose the most correct answer.
- Each correct answer carries 4 marks.
- Each wrong answer will deduct 1 marks.
- Unanswered questions will not be penalised.
1.Consider the following statements regarding the levels of diversity in our biosphere:
I. Immense diversity (or homogeneity) exists not only at the species level but at all levels of
biological organisation.
II. Biodiversity represents the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation,
ranging from micro-molecules within cells to biomes.
III. Sociobiologist Edward Wilson popularised the term 'biodiversity' to describe this combined
diversity.
IV. Diversity exists at levels ranging from macromolecules within cells to biomes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Immense diversity (or homogeneity) exists not only at the species level but at all levels of
biological organisation.
II. Biodiversity represents the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation,
ranging from micro-molecules within cells to biomes.
III. Sociobiologist Edward Wilson popularised the term 'biodiversity' to describe this combined
diversity.
IV. Diversity exists at levels ranging from macromolecules within cells to biomes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
2.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Edward Wilson, a renowned evolutionary biologist, popularised the term
biodiversity to describe the combined diversity at all levels of biological organisation.
Reason (R): Heterogeneity in our biosphere exists at all levels of biological organisation, ranging
from macromolecules within cells to biomes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Edward Wilson, a renowned evolutionary biologist, popularised the term
biodiversity to describe the combined diversity at all levels of biological organisation.
Reason (R): Heterogeneity in our biosphere exists at all levels of biological organisation, ranging
from macromolecules within cells to biomes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
3.Consider the following quantitative claims regarding the species diversity of various
taxonomic groups on Earth:
I. There are more than 20,000 species of ants.
II. The number of beetle species is estimated to be around 3,00,000.
III. There are nearly 20,000 species of orchids on Earth.
IV. Fish species on our planet count more than 28,000.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
taxonomic groups on Earth:
I. There are more than 20,000 species of ants.
II. The number of beetle species is estimated to be around 3,00,000.
III. There are nearly 20,000 species of orchids on Earth.
IV. Fish species on our planet count more than 28,000.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
4.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Immense diversity exists not only at the species level but at all levels of biological
organisation.
Reason (R): Biodiversity is restricted to the cellular level, representing only the macromolecules
that are found intercellularly.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Immense diversity exists not only at the species level but at all levels of biological
organisation.
Reason (R): Biodiversity is restricted to the cellular level, representing only the macromolecules
that are found intercellularly.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
5.Consider the following statements regarding genetic diversity in India:
I. India has more than 50,000 genetically different varieties of rice.
II. India possesses 1,000 strains of mango.
III. India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice.
IV. India has 1,000 varieties of mango.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. India has more than 50,000 genetically different varieties of rice.
II. India possesses 1,000 strains of mango.
III. India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice.
IV. India has 1,000 varieties of mango.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
6.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The genetic variation shown by the medicinal plant Rauwolfia vomitoria might
be in terms of the potency and concentration of the active chemical (reserpine) that the plant
produces.
Reason (R): Rauwolfia vomitoria shows genetic diversity because it grows in different
Himalayan ranges over its distributional range.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The genetic variation shown by the medicinal plant Rauwolfia vomitoria might
be in terms of the potency and concentration of the active chemical (reserpine) that the plant
produces.
Reason (R): Rauwolfia vomitoria shows genetic diversity because it grows in different
Himalayan ranges over its distributional range.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
7.Consider the following statements regarding species diversity:
I. Species diversity refers to the diversity at the species level.
II. The Western Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern Ghats.
III. The Eastern Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Western Ghats
because of their high altitude.
IV. Species diversity is the only form of biodiversity that contributes to the ecological balance of
a biome.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Species diversity refers to the diversity at the species level.
II. The Western Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern Ghats.
III. The Eastern Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Western Ghats
because of their high altitude.
IV. Species diversity is the only form of biodiversity that contributes to the ecological balance of
a biome.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
8.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Norway has a greater ecosystem diversity than India.
Reason (R): Norway is a Scandinavian country with deserts, rain forests, mangroves, coral
reefs, wetlands, estuaries, and alpine meadows.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Norway has a greater ecosystem diversity than India.
Reason (R): Norway is a Scandinavian country with deserts, rain forests, mangroves, coral
reefs, wetlands, estuaries, and alpine meadows.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
9.According to NCERT, which of the following questions are being asked by ecologists and
evolutionary biologists to understand the significance of biodiversity?
I. Why are there so many species?
II. Did such great diversity exist throughout earth’s history?
III. How did this diversification come about?
IV. How and why is this diversity important to the biosphere?
Choose the correct option:
evolutionary biologists to understand the significance of biodiversity?
I. Why are there so many species?
II. Did such great diversity exist throughout earth’s history?
III. How did this diversification come about?
IV. How and why is this diversity important to the biosphere?
Choose the correct option:
10.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): If an alien from a distant galaxy were to visit our planet Earth, the first thing that
would amaze and baffle him would most probably be the enormous diversity of life that he
would encounter.
Reason (R): The rich variety of living organisms with which humans share this planet ceases to
astonish and fascinate us because of our technological progress.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): If an alien from a distant galaxy were to visit our planet Earth, the first thing that
would amaze and baffle him would most probably be the enormous diversity of life that he
would encounter.
Reason (R): The rich variety of living organisms with which humans share this planet ceases to
astonish and fascinate us because of our technological progress.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
11.Consider the following taxonomic groups and their species richness:
I. Ants: more than 20,000 species
II. Orchids: nearly 20,000 species
III. Fishes: 28,000 species
IV. Beetles: 3,00,000 species
According to the NCERT text, which of the matching counts are correct?
I. Ants: more than 20,000 species
II. Orchids: nearly 20,000 species
III. Fishes: 28,000 species
IV. Beetles: 3,00,000 species
According to the NCERT text, which of the matching counts are correct?
12.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The active chemical produced by Rauwolfia vomitoria is reserpine.
Reason (R): The concentration and potency of reserpine varies among Rauwolfia vomitoria
plants growing in different Himalayan ranges.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The active chemical produced by Rauwolfia vomitoria is reserpine.
Reason (R): The concentration and potency of reserpine varies among Rauwolfia vomitoria
plants growing in different Himalayan ranges.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
13.Consider the following habitats:
I. Deserts, rain forests, mangroves
II. Coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries
III. Alpine meadows
IV. Temperate grasslands, deciduous forests
Which of the above habitats are explicitly listed in the NCERT text as contributing to the
greater ecosystem diversity of India compared to Norway?
I. Deserts, rain forests, mangroves
II. Coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries
III. Alpine meadows
IV. Temperate grasslands, deciduous forests
Which of the above habitats are explicitly listed in the NCERT text as contributing to the
greater ecosystem diversity of India compared to Norway?
14.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice.
Reason (R): Rice shows high genetic diversity in India because it is cultivated across a vast
range of agro-ecological zones.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice.
Reason (R): Rice shows high genetic diversity in India because it is cultivated across a vast
range of agro-ecological zones.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
15.Consider the following statements regarding the sociobiologist Edward Wilson:
I. He popularised the term 'biodiversity'.
II. He used the term 'biodiversity' to describe the combined diversity at all levels of biological
organisation.
III. He restricted his study of biodiversity only to the genetic and species levels.
IV. He was an evolutionary biologist who focused on Western Ghats amphibian diversity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. He popularised the term 'biodiversity'.
II. He used the term 'biodiversity' to describe the combined diversity at all levels of biological
organisation.
III. He restricted his study of biodiversity only to the genetic and species levels.
IV. He was an evolutionary biologist who focused on Western Ghats amphibian diversity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
16.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Immense diversity (or heterogeneity) exists not only at the species level but at all
levels of biological organisation.
Reason (R): Biological organisation ranges from macromolecules within cells to biomes, and
heterogeneity is absent at the intercellular macromolecular level.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Immense diversity (or heterogeneity) exists not only at the species level but at all
levels of biological organisation.
Reason (R): Biological organisation ranges from macromolecules within cells to biomes, and
heterogeneity is absent at the intercellular macromolecular level.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
17.Which of the following comparisons between species richness of different groups are
correct according to the introductory paragraph?
I. The number of species of beetles is greater than the number of species of ants.
II. The number of species of fishes is greater than the number of species of orchids.
III. The number of species of orchids is greater than the number of species of ants.
IV. The number of species of beetles is greater than the number of species of fishes.
Choose the correct option:
correct according to the introductory paragraph?
I. The number of species of beetles is greater than the number of species of ants.
II. The number of species of fishes is greater than the number of species of orchids.
III. The number of species of orchids is greater than the number of species of ants.
IV. The number of species of beetles is greater than the number of species of fishes.
Choose the correct option:
18.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The common man would find it hard to believe that there are more than 28,000
species of fishes and nearly 20,000 species of orchids.
Reason (R): The rich variety of living organisms with which humans share this planet never
ceases to astonish and fascinate us.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The common man would find it hard to believe that there are more than 28,000
species of fishes and nearly 20,000 species of orchids.
Reason (R): The rich variety of living organisms with which humans share this planet never
ceases to astonish and fascinate us.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
19.Consider the following statements regarding the levels of biological organisation:
I. Diversity in our biosphere is restricted to the cellular level.
II. Biodiversity describes the combined diversity starting from macromolecules within cells to
biomes.
III. Heterogeneity exists in macromolecules within cells.
IV. Biomes represent the smallest level of biological organisation showing heterogeneity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Diversity in our biosphere is restricted to the cellular level.
II. Biodiversity describes the combined diversity starting from macromolecules within cells to
biomes.
III. Heterogeneity exists in macromolecules within cells.
IV. Biomes represent the smallest level of biological organisation showing heterogeneity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
20.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Western Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern
Ghats.
Reason (R): The Eastern Ghats show higher genetic diversity in amphibian species than the
Western Ghats because of their unique topography.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Western Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern
Ghats.
Reason (R): The Eastern Ghats show higher genetic diversity in amphibian species than the
Western Ghats because of their unique topography.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
21.According to the NCERT text, which of the following statements regarding the agricultural
diversity in India are correct?
I. India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice.
II. India has more than 1,000 genetically different strains of mango.
III. India has 1,000 varieties of mango.
IV. India has 50,000 varieties of rice.
Choose the correct option:
diversity in India are correct?
I. India has more than 50,000 genetically different strains of rice.
II. India has more than 1,000 genetically different strains of mango.
III. India has 1,000 varieties of mango.
IV. India has 50,000 varieties of rice.
Choose the correct option:
22.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India has a greater ecosystem diversity than a Scandinavian country like Norway.
Reason (R): India has a vast array of unique habitats, including deserts, rain forests,
mangroves, coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries, and alpine meadows.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India has a greater ecosystem diversity than a Scandinavian country like Norway.
Reason (R): India has a vast array of unique habitats, including deserts, rain forests,
mangroves, coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries, and alpine meadows.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
23.Consider the following questions related to biodiversity:
I. How do humans benefit from the diversity of life?
II. Would the biosphere function any differently if the diversity was much less?
III. Did such great diversity exist throughout earth’s history?
IV. Can we genetically modify all 20,000 species of ants to benefit humans?
Which of the questions given above are explicitly listed in the NCERT text as being asked by
ecologists and evolutionary biologists?
I. How do humans benefit from the diversity of life?
II. Would the biosphere function any differently if the diversity was much less?
III. Did such great diversity exist throughout earth’s history?
IV. Can we genetically modify all 20,000 species of ants to benefit humans?
Which of the questions given above are explicitly listed in the NCERT text as being asked by
ecologists and evolutionary biologists?
24.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Edward Wilson described the combined diversity at all levels of biological
organisation.
Reason (R): Edward Wilson was an ecologist who popularised the term biodiversity.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Edward Wilson described the combined diversity at all levels of biological
organisation.
Reason (R): Edward Wilson was an ecologist who popularised the term biodiversity.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
25.Consider the following statements regarding the medicinal plant Rauwolfia vomitoria:
I. It grows in different Himalayan ranges.
II. It shows genetic variation in terms of the potency and concentration of the active chemical
reserpine.
III. It is an example of species diversity in India.
IV. It produces the active chemical reserpine.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. It grows in different Himalayan ranges.
II. It shows genetic variation in terms of the potency and concentration of the active chemical
reserpine.
III. It is an example of species diversity in India.
IV. It produces the active chemical reserpine.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
26.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Western Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern
Ghats.
Reason (R): Species diversity represents the diversity at the genetic level over a species'
distributional range.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Western Ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity than the Eastern
Ghats.
Reason (R): Species diversity represents the diversity at the genetic level over a species'
distributional range.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
27.Which of the following represent the levels of biological organisation explicitly mentioned
in the NCERT text under the introductory part of Section 13.1?
I. Macromolecules within cells
II. Biomes
III. Intercellular spaces
IV. Organ systems
Choose the correct option:
in the NCERT text under the introductory part of Section 13.1?
I. Macromolecules within cells
II. Biomes
III. Intercellular spaces
IV. Organ systems
Choose the correct option:
28.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have been trying to understand the
significance of biodiversity by asking questions about its function in the biosphere.
Reason (R): The common man easily believes the enormous numbers of species of ants, beetles,
fishes and orchids because they are commonly seen.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have been trying to understand the
significance of biodiversity by asking questions about its function in the biosphere.
Reason (R): The common man easily believes the enormous numbers of species of ants, beetles,
fishes and orchids because they are commonly seen.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
29.Consider the following comparisons of species numbers:
I. The number of fish species is greater than the number of orchid species.
II. The number of ant species is greater than the number of orchid species.
III. The number of beetle species is less than the number of fish species.
IV. The number of ant species is equal to the number of orchid species.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. The number of fish species is greater than the number of orchid species.
II. The number of ant species is greater than the number of orchid species.
III. The number of beetle species is less than the number of fish species.
IV. The number of ant species is equal to the number of orchid species.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
30.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India has a greater ecosystem diversity than a Scandinavian country like Norway.
Reason (R): Norway possesses only deserts and rain forests, which reduces its overall ecosystem
heterogeneity.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India has a greater ecosystem diversity than a Scandinavian country like Norway.
Reason (R): Norway possesses only deserts and rain forests, which reduces its overall ecosystem
heterogeneity.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
31.Consider the following statements regarding the global biodiversity crisis described in the
NCERT text:
Statement I: The biological wealth accumulated over millions of years of evolution could be
completely lost in less than two decades if current rates of species extinction continue.
Statement II: Biodiversity conservation has elevated to a vital environmental issue of
international concern because its critical importance to human survival and well-being has
become widely realized.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
NCERT text:
Statement I: The biological wealth accumulated over millions of years of evolution could be
completely lost in less than two decades if current rates of species extinction continue.
Statement II: Biodiversity conservation has elevated to a vital environmental issue of
international concern because its critical importance to human survival and well-being has
become widely realized.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
32.Assertion (A): According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources (IUCN) (2004) report, the total number of described plant and animal species
is slightly more than 1.5 million.
Reason (R): Taxonomists have established a clear and complete inventory of all species awaiting
discovery and description in both temperate and tropical regions.
Natural Resources (IUCN) (2004) report, the total number of described plant and animal species
is slightly more than 1.5 million.
Reason (R): Taxonomists have established a clear and complete inventory of all species awaiting
discovery and description in both temperate and tropical regions.
33.Consider the following statements regarding species inventories:
Statement I: Species inventories are more complete in tropical countries than in temperate
countries due to the high density of research institutions in the tropics.
Statement II: An overwhelmingly large proportion of the species waiting to be discovered and
described reside in temperate countries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement I: Species inventories are more complete in tropical countries than in temperate
countries due to the high density of research institutions in the tropics.
Statement II: An overwhelmingly large proportion of the species waiting to be discovered and
described reside in temperate countries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
34.Assertion (A): Biologists arrive at a gross estimate of the total number of species on Earth
by comparing the temperate-tropical species richness of an exhaustively studied group of
mammals.
Reason (R): Mammals represent the most species-rich taxonomic group on Earth and are highly
sensitive to climatic variations between temperate and tropical regions.
by comparing the temperate-tropical species richness of an exhaustively studied group of
mammals.
Reason (R): Mammals represent the most species-rich taxonomic group on Earth and are highly
sensitive to climatic variations between temperate and tropical regions.
35.Consider the following statements regarding global species diversity estimates:
Statement I: Some extreme estimates of the total number of species on Earth range from 20 to
50 million species.
Statement II: A conservative and scientifically sound estimate made by Robert May places the
global species diversity at about 1.5 million.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement I: Some extreme estimates of the total number of species on Earth range from 20 to
50 million species.
Statement II: A conservative and scientifically sound estimate made by Robert May places the
global species diversity at about 1.5 million.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
36.Assertion (A): Out of all recorded species, plants (including algae, fungi, bryophytes,
gymnosperms, and angiosperms) comprise more than 70 per cent of the total.
Reason (R): Animals are less species-rich and comprise no more than 22 per cent of the total
recorded species.
gymnosperms, and angiosperms) comprise more than 70 per cent of the total.
Reason (R): Animals are less species-rich and comprise no more than 22 per cent of the total
recorded species.
37.Based strictly on the NCERT source text, which of the following groups are explicitly listed
inside the parentheses as part of the 'plants' category that comprises no more than 22 per cent
of the total recorded species?
Statement I: Algae and Fungi.
Statement II: Bryophytes and Gymnosperms.
Statement III: Pteridophytes and Angiosperms.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
inside the parentheses as part of the 'plants' category that comprises no more than 22 per cent
of the total recorded species?
Statement I: Algae and Fungi.
Statement II: Bryophytes and Gymnosperms.
Statement III: Pteridophytes and Angiosperms.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
38.Assertion (A): Out of every 10 species on this planet, approximately 7 are insects, making
them the absolute majority of all living entities.
Reason (R): Among animals, insects represent the most species-rich taxonomic group,
constituting more than 70 per cent of the total animal species.
them the absolute majority of all living entities.
Reason (R): Among animals, insects represent the most species-rich taxonomic group,
constituting more than 70 per cent of the total animal species.
39.Consider the following statements regarding the species richness of Fungi:
Statement I: The number of fungi species in the world is greater than the combined total of the
species of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
Statement II: The number of fungi species in the world is greater than the combined total of all
vertebrate species.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement I: The number of fungi species in the world is greater than the combined total of the
species of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
Statement II: The number of fungi species in the world is greater than the combined total of all
vertebrate species.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
40.Assertion (A): The global species diversity estimates proposed by Robert May do not
include any specific figures for prokaryotes.
Reason (R): Biologists are absolutely sure about the exact number of prokaryotic species
because of their simple cellular structures.
include any specific figures for prokaryotes.
Reason (R): Biologists are absolutely sure about the exact number of prokaryotic species
because of their simple cellular structures.
41.Consider the following statements regarding the taxonomic challenges of microbial species:
Statement I: Conventional taxonomic methods are highly suitable and standard for identifying
and cataloging microbial species in the wild.
Statement II: The vast majority of microbial species are easily culturable under standard
laboratory conditions.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement I: Conventional taxonomic methods are highly suitable and standard for identifying
and cataloging microbial species in the wild.
Statement II: The vast majority of microbial species are easily culturable under standard
laboratory conditions.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
42.Assertion (A): If we accept biochemical or molecular criteria for delineating species of
prokaryotes, their diversity alone might run into millions.
Reason (R): Morphological and anatomical criteria are highly advanced and easily separate
prokaryotes into distinct species without laboratory culture.
prokaryotes, their diversity alone might run into millions.
Reason (R): Morphological and anatomical criteria are highly advanced and easily separate
prokaryotes into distinct species without laboratory culture.
43.Consider the following statements:
Statement I: Nature took millions of years of evolution to accumulate the rich biodiversity we
see today.
Statement II: Under present rates of species losses, we could lose all of this biological wealth in
less than two decades.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement I: Nature took millions of years of evolution to accumulate the rich biodiversity we
see today.
Statement II: Under present rates of species losses, we could lose all of this biological wealth in
less than two decades.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
44.Assertion (A): Robert May's estimate places the global species diversity at about 7 million,
which is considered a more conservative and scientifically sound estimate.
Reason (R): Extreme estimates of global species diversity range widely between 20 to 50 million
species.
which is considered a more conservative and scientifically sound estimate.
Reason (R): Extreme estimates of global species diversity range widely between 20 to 50 million
species.
45.Consider the following statements regarding the species composition of plants (including
algae, fungi, bryophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms):
Statement I: Plants comprise exactly 22 per cent of the total recorded species on Earth.
Statement II: Plants comprise no more than 22 per cent of the total recorded species on Earth.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
algae, fungi, bryophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms):
Statement I: Plants comprise exactly 22 per cent of the total recorded species on Earth.
Statement II: Plants comprise no more than 22 per cent of the total recorded species on Earth.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
46.Assertion (A): Species inventories are more complete in temperate countries than in
tropical countries.
Reason (R): Temperate countries have historically had more intensive scientific study and
taxonomic documentation than tropical countries.
tropical countries.
Reason (R): Temperate countries have historically had more intensive scientific study and
taxonomic documentation than tropical countries.
47.Consider the following statements regarding the recorded species of animals:
Statement I: More than 70 per cent of all the species recorded so far are animals.
Statement II: Exactly 70 per cent of all the species recorded so far are animals.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement I: More than 70 per cent of all the species recorded so far are animals.
Statement II: Exactly 70 per cent of all the species recorded so far are animals.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
48.Assertion (A): Conventional taxonomic methods are highly unsuitable for identifying and
delineating microbial species.
Reason (R): Many prokaryotic species can be easily cultured and grown under standard
laboratory conditions to observe their morphology.
delineating microbial species.
Reason (R): Many prokaryotic species can be easily cultured and grown under standard
laboratory conditions to observe their morphology.
49.Consider the following statements regarding the statistical comparison used by biologists
to estimate species richness:
Statement I: Biologists make a statistical comparison of the temperate-tropical species richness
of an exhaustively studied group of insects.
Statement II: This temperate-tropical ratio of insects is then extrapolated to other groups of
animals and plants to arrive at a gross global estimate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
to estimate species richness:
Statement I: Biologists make a statistical comparison of the temperate-tropical species richness
of an exhaustively studied group of insects.
Statement II: This temperate-tropical ratio of insects is then extrapolated to other groups of
animals and plants to arrive at a gross global estimate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
50.Assertion (A): We could lose all of Earth's accumulated biological wealth in less than two
centuries if the present rates of species losses continue.
Reason (R): It has taken millions of years of evolution to accumulate this rich diversity in
nature.
centuries if the present rates of species losses continue.
Reason (R): It has taken millions of years of evolution to accumulate this rich diversity in
nature.
51.Consider the following statements regarding the species counts mentioned in the NCERT
text:
Statement I: The total number of plant and animal species described so far is slightly more than
1.5 million.
Statement II: Robert May’s scientifically sound estimate places global species diversity at about
7 million.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
text:
Statement I: The total number of plant and animal species described so far is slightly more than
1.5 million.
Statement II: Robert May’s scientifically sound estimate places global species diversity at about
7 million.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
52.Assertion (A): Among animals, insects make up more than 70 per cent of the total recorded
species.
Reason (R): Plants comprise no more than 22 per cent of all animal species on Earth.
species.
Reason (R): Plants comprise no more than 22 per cent of all animal species on Earth.
53.Consider the following statements regarding the delineation of prokaryotic species:
Statement I: Delineating prokaryotes using morphological or anatomical criteria would run
their species diversity into millions.
Statement II: Delineating prokaryotes using biochemical or molecular criteria would run their
species diversity into millions.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement I: Delineating prokaryotes using morphological or anatomical criteria would run
their species diversity into millions.
Statement II: Delineating prokaryotes using biochemical or molecular criteria would run their
species diversity into millions.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
54.Assertion (A): The species diversity of fungi is greater than the combined species diversity
of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds.
Reason (R): Birds represent a minor group of vertebrates that are highly diverse in temperate
regions but completely absent in tropical regions.
of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and birds.
Reason (R): Birds represent a minor group of vertebrates that are highly diverse in temperate
regions but completely absent in tropical regions.
55.Consider the following statements regarding the global biodiversity estimates:
Statement I: Some extreme estimates place the global species diversity at about 7 million.
Statement II: A scientifically sound estimate made by Robert May ranges from 20 to 50 million.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement I: Some extreme estimates place the global species diversity at about 7 million.
Statement II: A scientifically sound estimate made by Robert May ranges from 20 to 50 million.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
56.Assertion (A): We could lose all of nature's accumulated biological wealth in less than two
decades.
Reason (R): If the present rates of species losses continue, we could lose all that wealth in less
than two centuries.
decades.
Reason (R): If the present rates of species losses continue, we could lose all that wealth in less
than two centuries.
57.Consider the following statements:
Statement I: Species inventories are more complete in temperate regions than in tropical
regions.
Statement II: An overwhelmingly large proportion of the species waiting to be discovered are
located in tropical regions.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement I: Species inventories are more complete in temperate regions than in tropical
regions.
Statement II: An overwhelmingly large proportion of the species waiting to be discovered are
located in tropical regions.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
58.Assertion (A): Plants (including algae, fungi, bryophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms)
comprise more than 22 per cent of the total recorded species.
Reason (R): Fungi are classified in a completely separate kingdom and are therefore excluded
from the 22 per cent plant calculation in the NCERT species inventories.
comprise more than 22 per cent of the total recorded species.
Reason (R): Fungi are classified in a completely separate kingdom and are therefore excluded
from the 22 per cent plant calculation in the NCERT species inventories.
59.Consider the following statements regarding the species composition of insects:
Statement I: Among animals, insects comprise more than 70 per cent of all recorded species.
Statement II: Out of every 10 animals on this planet, approximately 7 are insects.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement I: Among animals, insects comprise more than 70 per cent of all recorded species.
Statement II: Out of every 10 animals on this planet, approximately 7 are insects.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
60.Assertion (A): Conventional taxonomic methods are suitable for identifying and
delineating prokaryotic species if we accept morphological criteria.
Reason (R): Morphological criteria are highly distinctive in prokaryotes and allow easy
identification of culturable and unculturable species alike.
delineating prokaryotic species if we accept morphological criteria.
Reason (R): Morphological criteria are highly distinctive in prokaryotes and allow easy
identification of culturable and unculturable species alike.
61.Based strictly on the Invertebrates pie chart representing global biodiversity in Figure
13.1, consider the following statements regarding the proportionate number of species of major
taxa:
I. Insects comprise the single largest sector, occupying more than half of the total species of
invertebrates.
II. Molluscs occupy a larger sector than Crustaceans in the pie chart.
III. 'Other animal groups' occupy a larger proportionate area than Molluscs and Crustaceans
combined.
IV. The four categories represented in the Invertebrates pie chart are: Insects, Molluscs,
Crustaceans, and Other animal groups.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to Figure 13.1 of the NCERT text?
13.1, consider the following statements regarding the proportionate number of species of major
taxa:
I. Insects comprise the single largest sector, occupying more than half of the total species of
invertebrates.
II. Molluscs occupy a larger sector than Crustaceans in the pie chart.
III. 'Other animal groups' occupy a larger proportionate area than Molluscs and Crustaceans
combined.
IV. The four categories represented in the Invertebrates pie chart are: Insects, Molluscs,
Crustaceans, and Other animal groups.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to Figure 13.1 of the NCERT text?
62.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the vertebrate pie chart of Figure 13.1, the taxon Fishes represents exactly half
of the proportionate number of species of all vertebrates globally.
Reason (R): The remaining half of the vertebrate species is shared among four distinct taxa:
Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the vertebrate pie chart of Figure 13.1, the taxon Fishes represents exactly half
of the proportionate number of species of all vertebrates globally.
Reason (R): The remaining half of the vertebrate species is shared among four distinct taxa:
Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
63.According to the Plants pie chart representing global biodiversity in Figure 13.1, which of
the following statements are correct?
I. Fungi and Angiosperms together occupy the vast majority of the proportionate species
number.
II. Lichens represent the smallest individual sector in the Plants pie chart.
III. Mosses occupy a larger sector than Algae.
IV. Ferns and allies occupy a larger sector than Mosses but a smaller sector than Algae.
Choose the correct option:
the following statements are correct?
I. Fungi and Angiosperms together occupy the vast majority of the proportionate species
number.
II. Lichens represent the smallest individual sector in the Plants pie chart.
III. Mosses occupy a larger sector than Algae.
IV. Ferns and allies occupy a larger sector than Mosses but a smaller sector than Algae.
Choose the correct option:
64.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India is recognized as one of the 12 mega diversity countries of the world despite
having a disproportionately small share of the global land area.
Reason (R): India possesses only 2.4 per cent of the world's land area, yet its share of the global
species diversity is an impressive 8.1 per cent.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India is recognized as one of the 12 mega diversity countries of the world despite
having a disproportionately small share of the global land area.
Reason (R): India possesses only 2.4 per cent of the world's land area, yet its share of the global
species diversity is an impressive 8.1 per cent.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
65.Consider the following statements regarding the recorded species diversity in India
according to the NCERT text:
I. Nearly 45,000 species of plants have been recorded from India.
II. Approximately 90,000 species of animals have been recorded from India.
III. The number of recorded animal species in India is twice as many as the recorded plant
species.
IV. If we accept May’s global estimates, India has recorded nearly 80 per cent of its total actual
species so far.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
according to the NCERT text:
I. Nearly 45,000 species of plants have been recorded from India.
II. Approximately 90,000 species of animals have been recorded from India.
III. The number of recorded animal species in India is twice as many as the recorded plant
species.
IV. If we accept May’s global estimates, India has recorded nearly 80 per cent of its total actual
species so far.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
66.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Based on Robert May's global species diversity estimation, there are probably
more than 1,00,000 plant species in India that are yet to be discovered and described.
Reason (R): Robert May's estimate assumes that only 22 per cent of the total living species on
Earth have been recorded so far, which means nearly 78 per cent remain undiscovered.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Based on Robert May's global species diversity estimation, there are probably
more than 1,00,000 plant species in India that are yet to be discovered and described.
Reason (R): Robert May's estimate assumes that only 22 per cent of the total living species on
Earth have been recorded so far, which means nearly 78 per cent remain undiscovered.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
67.Consider the following statements regarding the projected undiscovered species of animals
in India under May's global model:
I. The number of animal species waiting to be discovered in India is estimated to be more than
3,00,000.
II. The estimated number of undiscovered animal species is exactly three times the estimated
number of undiscovered plant species.
III. The number of recorded animal species in India is already 3,00,000.
IV. Applying May's 22% proportion to India's recorded animal figure (nearly 90,000) implies
that the total animal species in India is over 4,00,000.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
in India under May's global model:
I. The number of animal species waiting to be discovered in India is estimated to be more than
3,00,000.
II. The estimated number of undiscovered animal species is exactly three times the estimated
number of undiscovered plant species.
III. The number of recorded animal species in India is already 3,00,000.
IV. Applying May's 22% proportion to India's recorded animal figure (nearly 90,000) implies
that the total animal species in India is over 4,00,000.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
68.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In Figure 13.1, the proportionate species diversity of Fungi is represented as a
major segment within the Plants pie chart.
Reason (R): Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms and are historically classified under
the kingdom Plantae in Robert Whittaker's five-kingdom classification system.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In Figure 13.1, the proportionate species diversity of Fungi is represented as a
major segment within the Plants pie chart.
Reason (R): Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms and are historically classified under
the kingdom Plantae in Robert Whittaker's five-kingdom classification system.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
69.Consider the following statements regarding the metaphorical reference 'Nature's
biological library is burning even before we catalogued the titles of all the books stocked there'
from the NCERT text:
I. The 'books' in the metaphor represent the individual organisms of a species.
II. The 'library' represents the global biosphere or the biological wealth of the planet.
III. 'Burning' represents the rapid rate of species extinction caused by anthropogenic or other
factors.
IV. 'Cataloguing the titles' represents the taxonomic process of discovering, naming, and
describing species.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
biological library is burning even before we catalogued the titles of all the books stocked there'
from the NCERT text:
I. The 'books' in the metaphor represent the individual organisms of a species.
II. The 'library' represents the global biosphere or the biological wealth of the planet.
III. 'Burning' represents the rapid rate of species extinction caused by anthropogenic or other
factors.
IV. 'Cataloguing the titles' represents the taxonomic process of discovering, naming, and
describing species.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
70.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Completing the inventory of India's biological wealth is an exceptionally
challenging task that appears increasingly hopeless.
Reason (R): A large fraction of the yet-to-be-discovered species faces the threat of becoming
extinct due to human-induced pressures before they can even be identified and catalogued.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Completing the inventory of India's biological wealth is an exceptionally
challenging task that appears increasingly hopeless.
Reason (R): A large fraction of the yet-to-be-discovered species faces the threat of becoming
extinct due to human-induced pressures before they can even be identified and catalogued.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
71.Strictly analyzing the proportionate species diversity of vertebrates represented in Figure
13.1:
I. Amphibians and Mammals represent the two smallest sectors in the vertebrate pie chart.
II. Birds represent the second largest sector in the vertebrate pie chart, following Fishes.
III. Reptiles occupy a larger sector than Birds.
IV. Mammals and Amphibians are represented by sectors that are visually smaller than the
sector for Reptiles.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
13.1:
I. Amphibians and Mammals represent the two smallest sectors in the vertebrate pie chart.
II. Birds represent the second largest sector in the vertebrate pie chart, following Fishes.
III. Reptiles occupy a larger sector than Birds.
IV. Mammals and Amphibians are represented by sectors that are visually smaller than the
sector for Reptiles.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
72.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In Figure 13.1, the proportionate species diversity of Mosses is shown to be larger
than that of Lichens in the Plants pie chart.
Reason (R): Lichens are symbiotic associations between algae and fungi, and they are generally
more sensitive to air pollution than mosses.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In Figure 13.1, the proportionate species diversity of Mosses is shown to be larger
than that of Lichens in the Plants pie chart.
Reason (R): Lichens are symbiotic associations between algae and fungi, and they are generally
more sensitive to air pollution than mosses.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
73.According to the NCERT text regarding the global species inventory:
I. Only 22 per cent of the total estimated species on Earth have been recorded so far.
II. May's global estimate places the total species diversity of the world at about 7 million.
III. If May's estimates are correct, approximately 78 per cent of the global species wealth is still
waiting to be discovered and named.
IV. Completing the global species inventory requires immense trained manpower, specifically in
the field of molecular biology.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Only 22 per cent of the total estimated species on Earth have been recorded so far.
II. May's global estimate places the total species diversity of the world at about 7 million.
III. If May's estimates are correct, approximately 78 per cent of the global species wealth is still
waiting to be discovered and named.
IV. Completing the global species inventory requires immense trained manpower, specifically in
the field of molecular biology.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
74.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India possesses a share of global species diversity that is more than three times its
percentage share of the world's land area.
Reason (R): India has only 2.4 per cent of the world's land area but accounts for an impressive
8.1 per cent of the global species diversity.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India possesses a share of global species diversity that is more than three times its
percentage share of the world's land area.
Reason (R): India has only 2.4 per cent of the world's land area but accounts for an impressive
8.1 per cent of the global species diversity.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
75.If a student redraws Figure 13.1 and introduces the following changes, which of them
would represent a direct violation of the proportions represented in the NCERT text?
I. Swapping the positions of Molluscs and Crustaceans in the Invertebrates pie chart.
II. Rendering the Angiosperms segment smaller than the Algae segment in the Plants pie chart.
III. Showing Birds as a larger segment than Fishes in the Vertebrates pie chart.
IV. Drawing Fungi and Angiosperms as the two largest sectors in the Plants pie chart.
Choose the correct option:
would represent a direct violation of the proportions represented in the NCERT text?
I. Swapping the positions of Molluscs and Crustaceans in the Invertebrates pie chart.
II. Rendering the Angiosperms segment smaller than the Algae segment in the Plants pie chart.
III. Showing Birds as a larger segment than Fishes in the Vertebrates pie chart.
IV. Drawing Fungi and Angiosperms as the two largest sectors in the Plants pie chart.
Choose the correct option:
76.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The effort required to complete the cataloguing of India's biological wealth is
constrained by a severe deficit of trained taxonomists and time.
Reason (R): Many species are going extinct even before they are discovered because nature's
biological library is burning.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The effort required to complete the cataloguing of India's biological wealth is
constrained by a severe deficit of trained taxonomists and time.
Reason (R): Many species are going extinct even before they are discovered because nature's
biological library is burning.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
77.Consider the following mathematical extrapolations based strictly on the NCERT Part 3
text:
I. India's recorded plant species stand at nearly 45,000.
II. If only 22% of India's actual plant species have been recorded, the total number of plant
species in India is estimated to be approximately 2,04,545.
III. The number of plant species yet to be discovered in India is estimated to be more than
1,00,000.
IV. The total number of plant species (discovered + undiscovered) estimated for India is less
than 1,50,000.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
text:
I. India's recorded plant species stand at nearly 45,000.
II. If only 22% of India's actual plant species have been recorded, the total number of plant
species in India is estimated to be approximately 2,04,545.
III. The number of plant species yet to be discovered in India is estimated to be more than
1,00,000.
IV. The total number of plant species (discovered + undiscovered) estimated for India is less
than 1,50,000.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
78.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The recorded number of animal species in India is approximately 90,000.
Reason (R): The NCERT text states that the number of recorded animal species in India is twice
as many as the recorded plant species, and nearly 45,000 species of plants have been recorded.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The recorded number of animal species in India is approximately 90,000.
Reason (R): The NCERT text states that the number of recorded animal species in India is twice
as many as the recorded plant species, and nearly 45,000 species of plants have been recorded.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
79.Based on the Plants pie chart in Figure 13.1 of the NCERT textbook, which of the
following comparisons are correct?
I. Algae occupy a larger sector than Ferns and allies.
II. Lichens occupy a smaller sector than Mosses.
III. Fungi occupy a larger sector than Algae.
IV. Angiosperms occupy a smaller sector than Mosses.
Choose the correct option:
following comparisons are correct?
I. Algae occupy a larger sector than Ferns and allies.
II. Lichens occupy a smaller sector than Mosses.
III. Fungi occupy a larger sector than Algae.
IV. Angiosperms occupy a smaller sector than Mosses.
Choose the correct option:
80.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Robert May's global estimate suggests that more species are waiting to be
catalogued than those already known to science.
Reason (R): According to May's estimate, only 22 per cent of the total species on Earth have
been recorded so far, leaving 78 per cent undiscovered.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Robert May's global estimate suggests that more species are waiting to be
catalogued than those already known to science.
Reason (R): According to May's estimate, only 22 per cent of the total species on Earth have
been recorded so far, leaving 78 per cent undiscovered.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
81.According to the NCERT text, India is one of the 12 mega diversity countries of the world.
Consider the following statements regarding the geographic and biodiversity coordinates of
India:
I. India ranks among the 12 mega diversity countries of the world.
II. India's share of global species diversity is 8.1 per cent.
III. India occupies 8.1 per cent of the world's land area.
IV. India has only 2.4 per cent of the world's land area.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the geographic and biodiversity coordinates of
India:
I. India ranks among the 12 mega diversity countries of the world.
II. India's share of global species diversity is 8.1 per cent.
III. India occupies 8.1 per cent of the world's land area.
IV. India has only 2.4 per cent of the world's land area.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
82.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the Invertebrates pie chart representing global biodiversity, the sector labeled
'Crustaceans' is visually smaller than the sector labeled 'Molluscs'.
Reason (R): Crustaceans are exclusively marine organisms, whereas molluscs are found in both
marine and terrestrial habitats.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the Invertebrates pie chart representing global biodiversity, the sector labeled
'Crustaceans' is visually smaller than the sector labeled 'Molluscs'.
Reason (R): Crustaceans are exclusively marine organisms, whereas molluscs are found in both
marine and terrestrial habitats.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
83.Consider the following statements based on the Plants pie chart of Figure 13.1:
I. Fungi represent a larger segment than Algae, Lichens, Mosses, and Ferns and allies combined.
II. Angiosperms represent the second largest segment in the Plants pie chart.
III. Mosses represent the smallest segment in the Plants pie chart.
IV. Algae represent a larger segment than Ferns and allies.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Fungi represent a larger segment than Algae, Lichens, Mosses, and Ferns and allies combined.
II. Angiosperms represent the second largest segment in the Plants pie chart.
III. Mosses represent the smallest segment in the Plants pie chart.
IV. Algae represent a larger segment than Ferns and allies.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
84.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): According to NCERT, there are probably more than 3,00,000 animal species yet
to be discovered and described in India.
Reason (R): Applying May's global estimate (that only 22 per cent of species are recorded) to
India's recorded animal figures leads to this projection.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): According to NCERT, there are probably more than 3,00,000 animal species yet
to be discovered and described in India.
Reason (R): Applying May's global estimate (that only 22 per cent of species are recorded) to
India's recorded animal figures leads to this projection.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
85.Consider the following statements regarding India's taxonomic inventory challenges:
I. Nature’s biological library is burning even before we catalogued the titles of all the books
stocked there.
II. Completing the inventory requires immense trained taxonomists and significant time.
III. The threat of extinction is so severe that many species will vanish before they are even
named and catalogued.
IV. The inventory is already 95 per cent complete, leaving only a few minor taxa to be
catalogued.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Nature’s biological library is burning even before we catalogued the titles of all the books
stocked there.
II. Completing the inventory requires immense trained taxonomists and significant time.
III. The threat of extinction is so severe that many species will vanish before they are even
named and catalogued.
IV. The inventory is already 95 per cent complete, leaving only a few minor taxa to be
catalogued.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
86.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In Figure 13.1, the proportionate species diversity of Birds is represented as being
larger than that of Reptiles in the Vertebrates pie chart.
Reason (R): Birds are warm-blooded (homeothermic) amniotes, whereas reptiles are cold-
blooded (poikilothermic) amniotes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In Figure 13.1, the proportionate species diversity of Birds is represented as being
larger than that of Reptiles in the Vertebrates pie chart.
Reason (R): Birds are warm-blooded (homeothermic) amniotes, whereas reptiles are cold-
blooded (poikilothermic) amniotes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
87.Based strictly on Figure 13.1 (Plants pie chart) representing global biodiversity, which of
the following statements are correct?
I. Algae represent a larger proportionate species number than Lichens, Mosses, and Ferns and
allies individually.
II. Lichens are represented by the smallest sector in the Plants pie chart.
III. Fungi represent a sector that is larger than the sector for Angiosperms.
IV. Mosses represent a larger sector than Ferns and allies.
Choose the correct option:
the following statements are correct?
I. Algae represent a larger proportionate species number than Lichens, Mosses, and Ferns and
allies individually.
II. Lichens are represented by the smallest sector in the Plants pie chart.
III. Fungi represent a sector that is larger than the sector for Angiosperms.
IV. Mosses represent a larger sector than Ferns and allies.
Choose the correct option:
88.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India possesses a relatively small percentage of the world's land area but is
ranked among the top 12 mega diversity countries.
Reason (R): India's land area is only 8.1 per cent of the world's total land area.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India possesses a relatively small percentage of the world's land area but is
ranked among the top 12 mega diversity countries.
Reason (R): India's land area is only 8.1 per cent of the world's total land area.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
89.Consider the following statements regarding the Invertebrates pie chart in Figure 13.1:
I. Insects comprise the largest group of species among all invertebrates.
II. 'Other animal groups' represent a larger sector than Crustaceans in the Invertebrates pie
chart.
III. Molluscs represent the second largest individual group after Insects in the Invertebrates pie
chart.
IV. The sector representing Crustaceans is larger than the sector representing Molluscs.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Insects comprise the largest group of species among all invertebrates.
II. 'Other animal groups' represent a larger sector than Crustaceans in the Invertebrates pie
chart.
III. Molluscs represent the second largest individual group after Insects in the Invertebrates pie
chart.
IV. The sector representing Crustaceans is larger than the sector representing Molluscs.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
90.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): If Robert May's global species diversity estimation proportion is applied to India,
the total species (plants + animals) yet to be discovered in India is projected to be more than
4,00,000.
Reason (R): Under May's proportion, the estimated undiscovered plants are more than 1,00,000
and the estimated undiscovered animals are more than 3,00,000.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): If Robert May's global species diversity estimation proportion is applied to India,
the total species (plants + animals) yet to be discovered in India is projected to be more than
4,00,000.
Reason (R): Under May's proportion, the estimated undiscovered plants are more than 1,00,000
and the estimated undiscovered animals are more than 3,00,000.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
91.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Species diversity of plants and animals shows a highly uneven distribution
throughout the world, exhibiting well-known latitudinal patterns.
Reason (R): Under the general latitudinal gradient pattern, species diversity consistently
increases as we move away from the equator towards the poles.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Species diversity of plants and animals shows a highly uneven distribution
throughout the world, exhibiting well-known latitudinal patterns.
Reason (R): Under the general latitudinal gradient pattern, species diversity consistently
increases as we move away from the equator towards the poles.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
92.Consider the following statements regarding latitudinal gradients in biodiversity:
I. Species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator towards the poles.
II. The tropics are defined as the latitudinal range of 23.5° N to 23.5° S.
III. There are absolutely no exceptions to the rule that tropics harbor more species than
temperate or polar areas.
IV. Colombia, located near the equator, has nearly 1,05 species of birds.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
I. Species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator towards the poles.
II. The tropics are defined as the latitudinal range of 23.5° N to 23.5° S.
III. There are absolutely no exceptions to the rule that tropics harbor more species than
temperate or polar areas.
IV. Colombia, located near the equator, has nearly 1,05 species of birds.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
93.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Colombia, which is situated near the equator, has nearly 1,400 species of birds,
whereas New York at 41° N has 105 species.
Reason (R): Bird species richness decreases rapidly as one moves to higher latitudes, leaving
Greenland at 71° N with only 56 species.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Colombia, which is situated near the equator, has nearly 1,400 species of birds,
whereas New York at 41° N has 105 species.
Reason (R): Bird species richness decreases rapidly as one moves to higher latitudes, leaving
Greenland at 71° N with only 56 species.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
94.Consider the following statements regarding the bird species numbers at different
latitudinal locations:
I. Greenland is located at 71° N and harbors only 56 species of birds.
II. New York is located at 41° S and harbors 105 species of birds.
III. Colombia is located near the equator and has nearly 1,400 species of birds.
IV. India, with much of its land area in the temperate latitudes, has more than 1,200 species of
birds.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
latitudinal locations:
I. Greenland is located at 71° N and harbors only 56 species of birds.
II. New York is located at 41° S and harbors 105 species of birds.
III. Colombia is located near the equator and has nearly 1,400 species of birds.
IV. India, with much of its land area in the temperate latitudes, has more than 1,200 species of
birds.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
95.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India has more than 1,200 species of birds.
Reason (R): India's geographic location has much of its land area in the tropical latitudes, which
naturally harbor more species than temperate regions.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India has more than 1,200 species of birds.
Reason (R): India's geographic location has much of its land area in the tropical latitudes, which
naturally harbor more species than temperate regions.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
96.Consider the following statements regarding the comparative species richness of vascular
plants:
I. A forest of a given area in a tropical region like Ecuador has up to 10 times as many species of
vascular plants as a forest of equal area in a temperate region like the Midwest of the USA.
II. The comparison of vascular plant species between Ecuador and the Midwest of the USA
holds true only if the temperate forest is at least 10 times larger in area than the tropical forest.
III. Ecuador is a tropical region whereas the Midwest of the USA is a temperate region.
IV. A temperate forest in the Midwest of the USA has up to 10 times as many species of vascular
plants as an equal-sized tropical forest in Ecuador.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
plants:
I. A forest of a given area in a tropical region like Ecuador has up to 10 times as many species of
vascular plants as a forest of equal area in a temperate region like the Midwest of the USA.
II. The comparison of vascular plant species between Ecuador and the Midwest of the USA
holds true only if the temperate forest is at least 10 times larger in area than the tropical forest.
III. Ecuador is a tropical region whereas the Midwest of the USA is a temperate region.
IV. A temperate forest in the Midwest of the USA has up to 10 times as many species of vascular
plants as an equal-sized tropical forest in Ecuador.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
97.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A forest of a given area in a tropical region like Ecuador has up to 10 times as
many species of vascular plants as a forest of equal area in a temperate region like the Midwest
of the USA.
Reason (R): The Midwest of the USA represents a tropical region with the greatest vascular
plant diversity on Earth.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A forest of a given area in a tropical region like Ecuador has up to 10 times as
many species of vascular plants as a forest of equal area in a temperate region like the Midwest
of the USA.
Reason (R): The Midwest of the USA represents a tropical region with the greatest vascular
plant diversity on Earth.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
98.Consider the following statements regarding the Amazonian rain forest:
I. The Amazonian rain forest is largely tropical in nature.
II. It is located in North America.
III. It possesses the greatest biodiversity on Earth.
IV. It is home to more than 40,000 species of plants.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
I. The Amazonian rain forest is largely tropical in nature.
II. It is located in North America.
III. It possesses the greatest biodiversity on Earth.
IV. It is home to more than 40,000 species of plants.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
99.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The largely tropical Amazonian rain forest in South America has more than
40,000 species of plants.
Reason (R): This immense plant richness is the sole reason why it has the greatest overall
biodiversity on Earth.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The largely tropical Amazonian rain forest in South America has more than
40,000 species of plants.
Reason (R): This immense plant richness is the sole reason why it has the greatest overall
biodiversity on Earth.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
100.Consider the following statements regarding the faunal diversity metrics of the
Amazonian rain forest:
I. It is home to 3,000 species of fishes.
II. It harbors 1,300 species of birds.
III. There are 427 species of mammals and 378 species of amphibians.
IV. It is home to 427 species of reptiles.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
Amazonian rain forest:
I. It is home to 3,000 species of fishes.
II. It harbors 1,300 species of birds.
III. There are 427 species of mammals and 378 species of amphibians.
IV. It is home to 427 species of reptiles.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
101.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the Amazonian rain forest, the number of reptile species is exactly 427.
Reason (R): Reptiles and amphibians have evolved identical species richness in South American
tropical forests.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the Amazonian rain forest, the number of reptile species is exactly 427.
Reason (R): Reptiles and amphibians have evolved identical species richness in South American
tropical forests.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
102.Consider the following statements regarding the invertebrate and insect diversity in the
Amazonian rain forest:
I. The Amazonian rain forest is home to more than 1,25,000 species of invertebrates.
II. Scientists estimate that there might be at least two million insect species waiting to be
discovered and named in these rain forests.
III. The number of discovered invertebrate species in the Amazonian rain forest is exactly
40,000.
IV. The number of fish species in the Amazonian rain forest is 3,000.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
Amazonian rain forest:
I. The Amazonian rain forest is home to more than 1,25,000 species of invertebrates.
II. Scientists estimate that there might be at least two million insect species waiting to be
discovered and named in these rain forests.
III. The number of discovered invertebrate species in the Amazonian rain forest is exactly
40,000.
IV. The number of fish species in the Amazonian rain forest is 3,000.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
103.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Scientists estimate that there might be at least two million insect species waiting
to be discovered and named in the Amazonian rain forest.
Reason (R): The Amazonian rain forest is home to more than 1,25,000 species of invertebrates
already discovered and named.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Scientists estimate that there might be at least two million insect species waiting
to be discovered and named in the Amazonian rain forest.
Reason (R): The Amazonian rain forest is home to more than 1,25,000 species of invertebrates
already discovered and named.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
104.Consider the following statements regarding the species counts of different groups in the
Amazonian rain forest:
I. The number of reptile species is 378.
II. The number of mammal species is 427.
III. The number of amphibian species is 378.
IV. The number of bird species is 1,300.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
Amazonian rain forest:
I. The number of reptile species is 378.
II. The number of mammal species is 427.
III. The number of amphibian species is 378.
IV. The number of bird species is 1,300.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
105.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Amazonian rain forest has more species of fishes than species of birds,
mammals, and reptiles combined.
Reason (R): The number of fish species is 3,000, whereas birds are 1,300, mammals are 427, and
reptiles are 378.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Amazonian rain forest has more species of fishes than species of birds,
mammals, and reptiles combined.
Reason (R): The number of fish species is 3,000, whereas birds are 1,300, mammals are 427, and
reptiles are 378.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
106.Consider the following statements comparing bird species richness:
I. New York at 41° N has 105 bird species, while Greenland at 71° N has 56.
II. India has more than 1,200 species of birds.
III. Colombia has nearly 1,400 species of birds.
IV. The temperate Midwest of the USA has up to 10 times as many species of vascular plants as
Ecuador.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
I. New York at 41° N has 105 bird species, while Greenland at 71° N has 56.
II. India has more than 1,200 species of birds.
III. Colombia has nearly 1,400 species of birds.
IV. The temperate Midwest of the USA has up to 10 times as many species of vascular plants as
Ecuador.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
107.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Colombia near the equator has nearly 1,400 species of birds, whereas New York
at 41° N has 105 species and Greenland at 71° N has only 56 species.
Reason (R): Species diversity generally decreases as we move away from the equator towards
the poles.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Colombia near the equator has nearly 1,400 species of birds, whereas New York
at 41° N has 105 species and Greenland at 71° N has only 56 species.
Reason (R): Species diversity generally decreases as we move away from the equator towards
the poles.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
108.Consider the following statements regarding the species numbers in the Amazonian rain
forest:
I. The Amazonian rain forest in South America has the greatest biodiversity on Earth.
II. It is home to more than 40,000 species of plants.
III. It harbors 3,000 species of fishes.
IV. Amphibians are represented by 378 species.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
forest:
I. The Amazonian rain forest in South America has the greatest biodiversity on Earth.
II. It is home to more than 40,000 species of plants.
III. It harbors 3,000 species of fishes.
IV. Amphibians are represented by 378 species.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
109.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A tropical forest in Ecuador has up to 10 times as many species of vascular plants
as a forest of equal area in a temperate region like the Midwest of the USA.
Reason (R): The temperate region like the Midwest of the USA harbors more species of vascular
plants than tropical areas like Ecuador.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A tropical forest in Ecuador has up to 10 times as many species of vascular plants
as a forest of equal area in a temperate region like the Midwest of the USA.
Reason (R): The temperate region like the Midwest of the USA harbors more species of vascular
plants than tropical areas like Ecuador.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
110.Consider the following statements regarding the latitudinal gradients of biodiversity:
I. The latitudinal range of the tropics is 23.5° N to 23.5° S.
II. Colombia near the equator has nearly 1,400 species of birds.
III. A forest of equal area in a temperate region like the Midwest of the USA has up to 10 times
as many species of vascular plants as a tropical forest in Ecuador.
IV. In general, species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator towards the poles.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
I. The latitudinal range of the tropics is 23.5° N to 23.5° S.
II. Colombia near the equator has nearly 1,400 species of birds.
III. A forest of equal area in a temperate region like the Midwest of the USA has up to 10 times
as many species of vascular plants as a tropical forest in Ecuador.
IV. In general, species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator towards the poles.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
111.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Colombia near the equator has nearly 1,400 bird species, while Greenland at 71°
N has only 56 bird species.
Reason (R): This demonstrates that tropical areas harbor nearly 25 times more bird species
than polar areas of high latitude.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Colombia near the equator has nearly 1,400 bird species, while Greenland at 71°
N has only 56 bird species.
Reason (R): This demonstrates that tropical areas harbor nearly 25 times more bird species
than polar areas of high latitude.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
112.Consider the following statements regarding the species richness of vertebrate groups in
the Amazonian rain forest:
I. Amazonian rain forest has 1,300 species of birds.
II. Amazonian rain forest has 427 species of mammals.
III. Amazonian rain forest has 427 species of amphibians.
IV. Amazonian rain forest has 378 species of reptiles.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
the Amazonian rain forest:
I. Amazonian rain forest has 1,300 species of birds.
II. Amazonian rain forest has 427 species of mammals.
III. Amazonian rain forest has 427 species of amphibians.
IV. Amazonian rain forest has 378 species of reptiles.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
113.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the Amazonian rain forest, there are 427 species of mammals and 427 species
of amphibians.
Reason (R): Mammals and amphibians show identical species richness in this South American
tropical forest.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the Amazonian rain forest, there are 427 species of mammals and 427 species
of amphibians.
Reason (R): Mammals and amphibians show identical species richness in this South American
tropical forest.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
114.Consider the following statements regarding the species richness of the Amazonian rain
forest:
I. The Amazonian rain forest harbors more than 1,25,000 species of invertebrates.
II. Scientists estimate that at least two million insect species are waiting to be discovered and
named in these rain forests.
III. The number of discovered plant species in the Amazonian rain forest is more than 40,000.
IV. The Amazonian rain forest is located in South America.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
forest:
I. The Amazonian rain forest harbors more than 1,25,000 species of invertebrates.
II. Scientists estimate that at least two million insect species are waiting to be discovered and
named in these rain forests.
III. The number of discovered plant species in the Amazonian rain forest is more than 40,000.
IV. The Amazonian rain forest is located in South America.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
115.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A forest in a tropical region like Ecuador has up to 10 times as many species of
vascular plants as a forest of equal area in a temperate region like the Midwest of the USA.
Reason (R): Ecuador is located in the temperate region while the Midwest of the USA is a
tropical region.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A forest in a tropical region like Ecuador has up to 10 times as many species of
vascular plants as a forest of equal area in a temperate region like the Midwest of the USA.
Reason (R): Ecuador is located in the temperate region while the Midwest of the USA is a
tropical region.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
116.Consider the following statements regarding the global patterns of biodiversity:
I. Species diversity of plants and animals is uniform throughout the world.
II. Colombia, located near the equator, has nearly 1,400 species of birds.
III. India, with much of its land area in the tropical latitudes, has more than 1,200 species of
birds.
IV. New York, located at 41° N, has 105 species of birds.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
I. Species diversity of plants and animals is uniform throughout the world.
II. Colombia, located near the equator, has nearly 1,400 species of birds.
III. India, with much of its land area in the tropical latitudes, has more than 1,200 species of
birds.
IV. New York, located at 41° N, has 105 species of birds.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
117.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India, with much of its land area in the tropical latitudes, has more than 1,200
species of birds.
Reason (R): India's bird species richness is higher than Colombia's because Colombia is located
near the polar circle.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): India, with much of its land area in the tropical latitudes, has more than 1,200
species of birds.
Reason (R): India's bird species richness is higher than Colombia's because Colombia is located
near the polar circle.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
118.Consider the following statements regarding the species richness of animal groups in the
Amazonian rain forest:
I. Mammals in the Amazonian rain forest are represented by 427 species.
II. Amphibians in the Amazonian rain forest are represented by 427 species.
III. Fishes in the Amazonian rain forest are represented by 3,000 species.
IV. Invertebrates in the Amazonian rain forest are represented by more than 1,25,000 species.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
Amazonian rain forest:
I. Mammals in the Amazonian rain forest are represented by 427 species.
II. Amphibians in the Amazonian rain forest are represented by 427 species.
III. Fishes in the Amazonian rain forest are represented by 3,000 species.
IV. Invertebrates in the Amazonian rain forest are represented by more than 1,25,000 species.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
119.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Scientists estimate that there are at least two million insect species waiting to be
discovered and named in the Amazonian rain forest.
Reason (R): This enormous figure is estimated because more than 1,25,000 invertebrate species
have already been discovered and named in this region.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Scientists estimate that there are at least two million insect species waiting to be
discovered and named in the Amazonian rain forest.
Reason (R): This enormous figure is estimated because more than 1,25,000 invertebrate species
have already been discovered and named in this region.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
120.Consider the following statements regarding the patterns of biodiversity described in the
NCERT textbook:
I. Greenland at 71° N has 56 bird species, which is fewer than Colombia's nearly 1,400.
II. The tropical Amazonian rain forest has more than 1,25,000 species of plants.
III. A forest in Ecuador has up to 10 times as many species of vascular plants as an equal area
forest in the Midwest of the USA.
IV. At least two million insect species are already named and described in the Amazonian rain
forest.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
NCERT textbook:
I. Greenland at 71° N has 56 bird species, which is fewer than Colombia's nearly 1,400.
II. The tropical Amazonian rain forest has more than 1,25,000 species of plants.
III. A forest in Ecuador has up to 10 times as many species of vascular plants as an equal area
forest in the Midwest of the USA.
IV. At least two million insect species are already named and described in the Amazonian rain
forest.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT textbook?
121.According to ecologists and evolutionary biologists, why do tropical latitudes exhibit
greater biological diversity compared to temperate regions? Consider the following statements:
Statement I: Speciation is generally a function of time; unlike tropical regions subjected to
frequent glaciations in the past, temperate latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for
millions of years.
Statement II: Tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years,
providing a long evolutionary time for species diversification.
Statement III: Temperate regions experienced frequent glaciations in the past, which repeatedly
disrupted the evolutionary processes and species diversification.
Statement IV: Tropical latitudes experienced frequent glaciations, which acted as evolutionary
catalysts by forcing rapid speciation.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
greater biological diversity compared to temperate regions? Consider the following statements:
Statement I: Speciation is generally a function of time; unlike tropical regions subjected to
frequent glaciations in the past, temperate latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for
millions of years.
Statement II: Tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years,
providing a long evolutionary time for species diversification.
Statement III: Temperate regions experienced frequent glaciations in the past, which repeatedly
disrupted the evolutionary processes and species diversification.
Statement IV: Tropical latitudes experienced frequent glaciations, which acted as evolutionary
catalysts by forcing rapid speciation.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
122.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): Tropical environments promote niche specialisation and lead to a greater species
diversity compared to temperate regions.
Reason (R): Tropical environments, unlike temperate ones, are less seasonal, relatively more
constant and highly unpredictable.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): Tropical environments promote niche specialisation and lead to a greater species
diversity compared to temperate regions.
Reason (R): Tropical environments, unlike temperate ones, are less seasonal, relatively more
constant and highly unpredictable.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
123.Read the following statements regarding the pioneering work on Species-Area
relationships:
Statement I: During his pioneering and extensive explorations in the wilderness of African
jungles, the great German naturalist and geographer Alexander von Humboldt observed
species-area relationships.
Statement II: Alexander von Humboldt observed that within a region, species richness increased
with increasing explored area, but only up to a limit.
Statement III: The relationship between species richness and area for a wide variety of taxa like
gymnosperm plants, birds, bats, and marine fishes turns out to be a rectangular hyperbola.
Statement IV: The relation of species richness to area turned out to be a rectangular hyperbola
for taxa including angiosperm plants, birds, bats, and freshwater fishes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
relationships:
Statement I: During his pioneering and extensive explorations in the wilderness of African
jungles, the great German naturalist and geographer Alexander von Humboldt observed
species-area relationships.
Statement II: Alexander von Humboldt observed that within a region, species richness increased
with increasing explored area, but only up to a limit.
Statement III: The relationship between species richness and area for a wide variety of taxa like
gymnosperm plants, birds, bats, and marine fishes turns out to be a rectangular hyperbola.
Statement IV: The relation of species richness to area turned out to be a rectangular hyperbola
for taxa including angiosperm plants, birds, bats, and freshwater fishes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
124.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): On a logarithmic scale, the species-area relationship is described by the linear
equation log S = log C + Z log A.
Reason (R): In this equation, S represents species richness, A represents area, C represents the
regression coefficient (slope of the line), and Z represents the Y-intercept.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): On a logarithmic scale, the species-area relationship is described by the linear
equation log S = log C + Z log A.
Reason (R): In this equation, S represents species richness, A represents area, C represents the
regression coefficient (slope of the line), and Z represents the Y-intercept.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
125.Ecologists have discovered that the regression coefficient (Z) of the species-area
relationship has specific values across regions. Consider the following statements:
Statement I: The value of Z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 for small areas, regardless of the
taxonomic group or the region.
Statement II: The slopes of the regression line are amazingly similar whether we analyze plants
in California, birds in Britain, or molluscs in New York state.
Statement III: The slopes of the regression line are amazingly similar whether we analyze plants
in Britain, birds in California, or molluscs in New York state.
Statement IV: The value of Z remains exactly the same (0.1 to 0.2) even when species-area
relationships are analyzed among entire continents.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
relationship has specific values across regions. Consider the following statements:
Statement I: The value of Z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 for small areas, regardless of the
taxonomic group or the region.
Statement II: The slopes of the regression line are amazingly similar whether we analyze plants
in California, birds in Britain, or molluscs in New York state.
Statement III: The slopes of the regression line are amazingly similar whether we analyze plants
in Britain, birds in California, or molluscs in New York state.
Statement IV: The value of Z remains exactly the same (0.1 to 0.2) even when species-area
relationships are analyzed among entire continents.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
126.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): If you analyze the species-area relationships among very large areas like the
entire continents, you will find that the slope of the line is much steeper.
Reason (R): This is represented by Z values in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 for entire continents, which
is steeper than the 0.6 to 1.2 range found in local regions.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): If you analyze the species-area relationships among very large areas like the
entire continents, you will find that the slope of the line is much steeper.
Reason (R): This is represented by Z values in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 for entire continents, which
is steeper than the 0.6 to 1.2 range found in local regions.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
127.Consider the proposed hypotheses explaining why tropical latitudes have greater species
diversity:
Statement I: There is more solar energy available in the tropics, which contributes directly to
greater biological diversity.
Statement II: High solar energy in the tropics contributes to higher productivity, which in turn
might contribute indirectly to greater diversity.
Statement III: Tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years
because they were subjected to frequent glaciations.
Statement IV: Constant and predictable tropical environments promote niche specialisation and
lead to a greater species diversity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
diversity:
Statement I: There is more solar energy available in the tropics, which contributes directly to
greater biological diversity.
Statement II: High solar energy in the tropics contributes to higher productivity, which in turn
might contribute indirectly to greater diversity.
Statement III: Tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years
because they were subjected to frequent glaciations.
Statement IV: Constant and predictable tropical environments promote niche specialisation and
lead to a greater species diversity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
128.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): For frugivorous birds and mammals in the tropical forests of different continents,
the slope of the species-area regression line is found to be 1.15.
Reason (R): When species-area relationships are analyzed among very large areas like entire
continents, the slope of the line (Z) becomes much steeper, with values ranging between 0.6 and
1.2.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): For frugivorous birds and mammals in the tropical forests of different continents,
the slope of the species-area regression line is found to be 1.15.
Reason (R): When species-area relationships are analyzed among very large areas like entire
continents, the slope of the line (Z) becomes much steeper, with values ranging between 0.6 and
1.2.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
129.Concerning the graphical representation of the species-area relationship, read the
following statements:
Statement I: The relationship between species richness and area for a wide variety of taxa turns
out to be a rectangular hyperbola on a linear scale.
Statement II: On a logarithmic scale, the species-area relationship turns out to be a rectangular
hyperbola.
Statement III: The relationship between species richness and area is described as a straight line
described by log S = log C + Z log A on a logarithmic scale.
Statement IV: Plotting species richness against area on a linear scale yields a straight line.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
following statements:
Statement I: The relationship between species richness and area for a wide variety of taxa turns
out to be a rectangular hyperbola on a linear scale.
Statement II: On a logarithmic scale, the species-area relationship turns out to be a rectangular
hyperbola.
Statement III: The relationship between species richness and area is described as a straight line
described by log S = log C + Z log A on a logarithmic scale.
Statement IV: Plotting species richness against area on a linear scale yields a straight line.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
130.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): Tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years,
allowing a long evolutionary time for species diversification.
Reason (R): Temperate regions, unlike tropical ones, were subjected to frequent glaciations in
the past which disrupted speciation.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): Tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years,
allowing a long evolutionary time for species diversification.
Reason (R): Temperate regions, unlike tropical ones, were subjected to frequent glaciations in
the past which disrupted speciation.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
131.Read the statements carefully regarding Humboldt's observations on species richness:
Statement I: Within a region, species richness increased with increasing explored area, but only
up to a limit.
Statement II: Within a region, species richness increased infinitely with increasing explored
area.
Statement III: The rate of increase in species richness remains constant as the explored area
increases.
Statement IV: The increase of species richness with area is only observed for angiosperm plants
and freshwater fishes, but not for birds and bats.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement I: Within a region, species richness increased with increasing explored area, but only
up to a limit.
Statement II: Within a region, species richness increased infinitely with increasing explored
area.
Statement III: The rate of increase in species richness remains constant as the explored area
increases.
Statement IV: The increase of species richness with area is only observed for angiosperm plants
and freshwater fishes, but not for birds and bats.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
132.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): In the species-area relationship equation log S = log C + Z log A, the slope of the
regression line is represented by Z.
Reason (R): Z is the regression coefficient that determines how steeply species richness increases
with explored area on a logarithmic scale.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): In the species-area relationship equation log S = log C + Z log A, the slope of the
regression line is represented by Z.
Reason (R): Z is the regression coefficient that determines how steeply species richness increases
with explored area on a logarithmic scale.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
133.Ecologists have discovered that for small areas within a region, the regression slopes of
species-area relationships are amazingly similar. Read the following statements:
Statement I: The value of Z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 regardless of the taxonomic group or
the region.
Statement II: The amazingly similar slope range of 0.1 to 0.2 is observed whether we analyze
plants in Britain, birds in California, or molluscs in New York state.
Statement III: The slope range of 0.1 to 0.2 is only similar if we compare the same taxonomic
group in different regions, but differs wildly across different taxa.
Statement IV: The value of Z lies in the range of 0.6 to 1.2 for plants in Britain, birds in
California, and molluscs in New York.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
species-area relationships are amazingly similar. Read the following statements:
Statement I: The value of Z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 regardless of the taxonomic group or
the region.
Statement II: The amazingly similar slope range of 0.1 to 0.2 is observed whether we analyze
plants in Britain, birds in California, or molluscs in New York state.
Statement III: The slope range of 0.1 to 0.2 is only similar if we compare the same taxonomic
group in different regions, but differs wildly across different taxa.
Statement IV: The value of Z lies in the range of 0.6 to 1.2 for plants in Britain, birds in
California, and molluscs in New York.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
134.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): The Species-Area relationship was pioneered by Alexander von Humboldt during
his extensive explorations in the South American jungles.
Reason (R): Alexander von Humboldt was a great British ecologist who mapped species-area
distributions.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): The Species-Area relationship was pioneered by Alexander von Humboldt during
his extensive explorations in the South American jungles.
Reason (R): Alexander von Humboldt was a great British ecologist who mapped species-area
distributions.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
135.Read the following statements regarding the role of environmental constancy in
biodiversity patterns:
Statement I: Tropical environments, unlike temperate ones, are less seasonal, relatively more
constant and predictable.
Statement II: Constant environments promote niche specialisation and lead to a greater species
diversity.
Statement III: Temperate environments, being highly constant and predictable, promote niche
specialisation and high diversity.
Statement IV: Less seasonal and constant tropical environments lead to broader ecological
niches and lower species diversity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
biodiversity patterns:
Statement I: Tropical environments, unlike temperate ones, are less seasonal, relatively more
constant and predictable.
Statement II: Constant environments promote niche specialisation and lead to a greater species
diversity.
Statement III: Temperate environments, being highly constant and predictable, promote niche
specialisation and high diversity.
Statement IV: Less seasonal and constant tropical environments lead to broader ecological
niches and lower species diversity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
136.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): High solar energy available in the tropics might contribute indirectly to greater
biological diversity.
Reason (R): More solar energy available in the tropics contributes to higher productivity, which
forms the energetic foundation for greater species diversity.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): High solar energy available in the tropics might contribute indirectly to greater
biological diversity.
Reason (R): More solar energy available in the tropics contributes to higher productivity, which
forms the energetic foundation for greater species diversity.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
137.Alexander von Humboldt developed the species-area relationship by studying specific
taxonomic groups. Read the following statements:
Statement I: Humboldt analyzed the species-area relationships for a wide variety of taxa,
including birds, bats, angiosperm plants, and freshwater fishes.
Statement II: The relationship between species richness and area for gymnosperm plants, bats,
and marine fishes turns out to be a rectangular hyperbola.
Statement III: Mammals and frugivorous birds were analyzed on a continental scale, yielding a
steeper slope of 1.15.
Statement IV: Humboldt's species-area relationship is only applicable to plants and is not
observed in animal taxa.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
taxonomic groups. Read the following statements:
Statement I: Humboldt analyzed the species-area relationships for a wide variety of taxa,
including birds, bats, angiosperm plants, and freshwater fishes.
Statement II: The relationship between species richness and area for gymnosperm plants, bats,
and marine fishes turns out to be a rectangular hyperbola.
Statement III: Mammals and frugivorous birds were analyzed on a continental scale, yielding a
steeper slope of 1.15.
Statement IV: Humboldt's species-area relationship is only applicable to plants and is not
observed in animal taxa.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
138.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): On a linear scale, the relationship between species richness and area for a wide
variety of taxa turns out to be a straight line.
Reason (R): On a logarithmic scale, the species-area relationship is described by log S = log C +
Z log A, which represents a straight line.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): On a linear scale, the relationship between species richness and area for a wide
variety of taxa turns out to be a straight line.
Reason (R): On a logarithmic scale, the species-area relationship is described by log S = log C +
Z log A, which represents a straight line.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
139.Read the statements regarding the slope of the regression line (Z) in species-area
relationships:
Statement I: A steeper slope of the regression line means that species richness increases more
rapidly as explored area increases.
Statement II: For very large areas like entire continents, the slope of the line is found to be
much steeper, with Z values in the range of 0.6 to 1.2.
Statement III: For small regions, Z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2, indicating a flatter regression
line.
Statement IV: A steeper slope (Z = 0.6 to 1.2) means that species richness increases slower with
explored area compared to flatter slopes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
relationships:
Statement I: A steeper slope of the regression line means that species richness increases more
rapidly as explored area increases.
Statement II: For very large areas like entire continents, the slope of the line is found to be
much steeper, with Z values in the range of 0.6 to 1.2.
Statement III: For small regions, Z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2, indicating a flatter regression
line.
Statement IV: A steeper slope (Z = 0.6 to 1.2) means that species richness increases slower with
explored area compared to flatter slopes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
140.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): If species-area relationships are analyzed among very large areas like the entire
continents, the regression coefficient (Z) lies in the range of 0.6 to 1.2.
Reason (R): An example of this is frugivorous birds and mammals in the tropical forests of
different continents, where the slope of the regression line is found to be 1.15.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): If species-area relationships are analyzed among very large areas like the entire
continents, the regression coefficient (Z) lies in the range of 0.6 to 1.2.
Reason (R): An example of this is frugivorous birds and mammals in the tropical forests of
different continents, where the slope of the regression line is found to be 1.15.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
141.Analyze the following statements regarding the Z-value for small areas within a region:
Statement I: The value of Z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2, regardless of whether we analyze
plants in Britain, birds in California, or molluscs in New York state.
Statement II: The Z value range for plants in Britain is significantly different from that of birds
in California due to different taxons.
Statement III: Regardless of the taxonomic group or region, the slopes of the regression line are
amazingly similar in small areas.
Statement IV: The value of Z for small areas is always found to be 1.15.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Statement I: The value of Z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2, regardless of whether we analyze
plants in Britain, birds in California, or molluscs in New York state.
Statement II: The Z value range for plants in Britain is significantly different from that of birds
in California due to different taxons.
Statement III: Regardless of the taxonomic group or region, the slopes of the regression line are
amazingly similar in small areas.
Statement IV: The value of Z for small areas is always found to be 1.15.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
142.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): In the logarithmic species-area equation log S = log C + Z log A, C represents the
Y-intercept.
Reason (R): The regression coefficient or slope of the line in this equation is represented by Z.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): In the logarithmic species-area equation log S = log C + Z log A, C represents the
Y-intercept.
Reason (R): The regression coefficient or slope of the line in this equation is represented by Z.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
143.Regarding the hypotheses explaining the high species richness of tropical regions,
consider the following statements:
Statement I: Speciation is generally a function of time, and tropics have remained undisturbed
for millions of years unlike temperate regions.
Statement II: Tropical environments are less seasonal, more constant and predictable,
promoting niche specialisation.
Statement III: Tropics have more solar energy available, which contributes directly to higher
productivity and greater diversity.
Statement IV: Frequent glaciations in the tropical latitudes led to rapid adaptation and
speciation.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
consider the following statements:
Statement I: Speciation is generally a function of time, and tropics have remained undisturbed
for millions of years unlike temperate regions.
Statement II: Tropical environments are less seasonal, more constant and predictable,
promoting niche specialisation.
Statement III: Tropics have more solar energy available, which contributes directly to higher
productivity and greater diversity.
Statement IV: Frequent glaciations in the tropical latitudes led to rapid adaptation and
speciation.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
144.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): Tropical latitudes have had a long evolutionary time for species diversification.
Reason (R): Unlike temperate regions which were subjected to frequent glaciations in the past,
tropical latitudes remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): Tropical latitudes have had a long evolutionary time for species diversification.
Reason (R): Unlike temperate regions which were subjected to frequent glaciations in the past,
tropical latitudes remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
145.Consider the specific regional species-area examples discovered by ecologists. Read the
following statements:
Statement I: The slope of the regression line (Z) for plants in Britain is amazingly similar to that
of birds in California.
Statement II: The Z value range for molluscs in New York state lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2.
Statement III: The slope of the regression line for birds in Britain is compared with plants in
California.
Statement IV: The value of Z for molluscs in California and plants in New York lies in the range
of 0.6 to 1.2.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
following statements:
Statement I: The slope of the regression line (Z) for plants in Britain is amazingly similar to that
of birds in California.
Statement II: The Z value range for molluscs in New York state lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2.
Statement III: The slope of the regression line for birds in Britain is compared with plants in
California.
Statement IV: The value of Z for molluscs in California and plants in New York lies in the range
of 0.6 to 1.2.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
146.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): In the species-area relationship equation log S = log C + Z log A, C represents the
Y-intercept, which is the species richness when area A is equal to 1.
Reason (R): Mathematically, when area A = 1, log A = 0, which reduces the equation to log S =
log C, hence S = C.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): In the species-area relationship equation log S = log C + Z log A, C represents the
Y-intercept, which is the species richness when area A is equal to 1.
Reason (R): Mathematically, when area A = 1, log A = 0, which reduces the equation to log S =
log C, hence S = C.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
147.Analyze the species-area relationship on a continental scale and read the following
statements:
Statement I: If you analyze species-area relationships among very large areas like entire
continents, the slope of the line is much steeper.
Statement II: For frugivorous birds and mammals in the tropical forests of different continents,
the slope is found to be 1.15.
Statement III: The slope of the line for frugivorous birds and mammals in the tropical forests of
different continents is found to be 0.15.
Statement IV: Steeper slopes on continental scales are represented by Z values in the range of
0.6 to 1.2.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
statements:
Statement I: If you analyze species-area relationships among very large areas like entire
continents, the slope of the line is much steeper.
Statement II: For frugivorous birds and mammals in the tropical forests of different continents,
the slope is found to be 1.15.
Statement III: The slope of the line for frugivorous birds and mammals in the tropical forests of
different continents is found to be 0.15.
Statement IV: Steeper slopes on continental scales are represented by Z values in the range of
0.6 to 1.2.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
148.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): Tropical environments promotion of niche specialisation leads to a greater species
diversity.
Reason (R): Unlike temperate regions, tropical environments are less seasonal, relatively more
constant and predictable, which promotes niche specialisation.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): Tropical environments promotion of niche specialisation leads to a greater species
diversity.
Reason (R): Unlike temperate regions, tropical environments are less seasonal, relatively more
constant and predictable, which promotes niche specialisation.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
149.Consider the mathematical model of the species-area relationship. Read the following
statements:
Statement I: The relationship is a rectangular hyperbola on a linear scale, described by S = C *
A^Z.
Statement II: Taking log on both sides of S = C * A^Z yields the straight line equation log S =
log C + Z log A.
Statement III: If Z = 1, species richness increases in direct linear proportion to the explored
area.
Statement IV: If Z = 0, species richness is independent of the explored area and equals the
constant C.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
statements:
Statement I: The relationship is a rectangular hyperbola on a linear scale, described by S = C *
A^Z.
Statement II: Taking log on both sides of S = C * A^Z yields the straight line equation log S =
log C + Z log A.
Statement III: If Z = 1, species richness increases in direct linear proportion to the explored
area.
Statement IV: If Z = 0, species richness is independent of the explored area and equals the
constant C.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
150.Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): Tropical environments promote niche specialisation and lead to a greater species
diversity.
Reason (R): Unlike temperate regions subjected to frequent glaciations in the past, tropical
latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Assertion (A): Tropical environments promote niche specialisation and lead to a greater species
diversity.
Reason (R): Unlike temperate regions subjected to frequent glaciations in the past, tropical
latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
151.Consider the following statements regarding the stability criteria of a biological
community as described in Section 13.1.3 of the NCERT text:
I. A stable community should not show too much variation in productivity from year to year.
II. A stable community must be either susceptible or resilient to occasional disturbances.
III. A stable community must be resistant to invasions by alien species.
IV. Occasional disturbances that a stable community resists can be natural or man-made.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the textbook?
community as described in Section 13.1.3 of the NCERT text:
I. A stable community should not show too much variation in productivity from year to year.
II. A stable community must be either susceptible or resilient to occasional disturbances.
III. A stable community must be resistant to invasions by alien species.
IV. Occasional disturbances that a stable community resists can be natural or man-made.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the textbook?
152.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In David Tilman's long-term ecosystem experiments, plots with more species
showed less year-to-year variation in total biomass.
Reason (R): For many decades, ecologists believed that communities with less species, generally,
tend to be more stable than those with more species.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In David Tilman's long-term ecosystem experiments, plots with more species
showed less year-to-year variation in total biomass.
Reason (R): For many decades, ecologists believed that communities with less species, generally,
tend to be more stable than those with more species.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
153.Consider the following statements regarding the experimental methodology and findings
of David Tilman:
I. Tilman conducted long-term ecosystem experiments using indoor greenhouse plots.
II. In Tilman's experiments, plots with more species showed less year-to-year variation in total
biomass.
III. Tilman's work showed that increased diversity contributed to higher productivity.
IV. Tilman's experiments provided a definitive, fully understood mechanism of how species
richness links to ecosystem health.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
of David Tilman:
I. Tilman conducted long-term ecosystem experiments using indoor greenhouse plots.
II. In Tilman's experiments, plots with more species showed less year-to-year variation in total
biomass.
III. Tilman's work showed that increased diversity contributed to higher productivity.
IV. Tilman's experiments provided a definitive, fully understood mechanism of how species
richness links to ecosystem health.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
154.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): We can develop a proper perspective on the consequences of species extinction
through the 'rivet popper hypothesis' analogy.
Reason (R): The 'rivet popper hypothesis' was formulated by the renowned Harvard
evolutionary biologist Paul Ehrlich.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): We can develop a proper perspective on the consequences of species extinction
through the 'rivet popper hypothesis' analogy.
Reason (R): The 'rivet popper hypothesis' was formulated by the renowned Harvard
evolutionary biologist Paul Ehrlich.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
155.In the 'rivet popper hypothesis' proposed by Paul Ehrlich, various parts of an airplane
are mapped to parts of an ecosystem. Consider the following comparisons:
I. The airplane itself represents the ecosystem.
II. The rivets joining the airplane parts represent the individual species.
III. Popping a rivet to take home represents causing a species to become extinct.
IV. Flight safety represents the proper functioning of the ecosystem.
Which of the comparisons given above are correct according to the NCERT analogy?
are mapped to parts of an ecosystem. Consider the following comparisons:
I. The airplane itself represents the ecosystem.
II. The rivets joining the airplane parts represent the individual species.
III. Popping a rivet to take home represents causing a species to become extinct.
IV. Flight safety represents the proper functioning of the ecosystem.
Which of the comparisons given above are correct according to the NCERT analogy?
156.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Ecologists raise naive questions such as whether the Eastern Ghats ecosystems
would be less functional if one of its tree frog species is lost forever.
Reason (R): Although there are no direct answers to such questions, we can develop a proper
perspective through the rivet popper hypothesis.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Ecologists raise naive questions such as whether the Eastern Ghats ecosystems
would be less functional if one of its tree frog species is lost forever.
Reason (R): Although there are no direct answers to such questions, we can develop a proper
perspective through the rivet popper hypothesis.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
157.Consider the following statements regarding the numerical example used in Section 13.1.3
to illustrate quality of life:
I. The example asks how our quality of life is affected if we have only 15,000 instead of 20,000
species of ants on earth.
II. The species compared in this numerical quality of life example are beetles.
III. The number 20,000 represents the original or baseline species count of ants in the example.
IV. The number 15,000 represents the reduced species count of ants.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
to illustrate quality of life:
I. The example asks how our quality of life is affected if we have only 15,000 instead of 20,000
species of ants on earth.
II. The species compared in this numerical quality of life example are beetles.
III. The number 20,000 represents the original or baseline species count of ants in the example.
IV. The number 15,000 represents the reduced species count of ants.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
158.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the rivet popper hypothesis, the loss of rivets on the seats or windows inside
the plane represents a more serious threat to flight safety than the loss of rivets on the wings.
Reason (R): Wing rivets represent key species that drive major ecosystem functions in the
airplane-ecosystem analogy.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the rivet popper hypothesis, the loss of rivets on the seats or windows inside
the plane represents a more serious threat to flight safety than the loss of rivets on the wings.
Reason (R): Wing rivets represent key species that drive major ecosystem functions in the
airplane-ecosystem analogy.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
159.Consider the following statements regarding the historical perspective on species richness
and community stability:
I. Ecologists have historically always been able to give a definitive answer regarding how species
number matters to ecosystem functioning.
II. For many decades, ecologists believed that communities with more species tend to be more
stable than those with less species.
III. A stable community should not show too much variation in productivity from year to year.
IV. We don't know how stability attributes are linked to species richness in a community, but
David Tilman's outdoor plot experiments provide tentative answers.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
and community stability:
I. Ecologists have historically always been able to give a definitive answer regarding how species
number matters to ecosystem functioning.
II. For many decades, ecologists believed that communities with more species tend to be more
stable than those with less species.
III. A stable community should not show too much variation in productivity from year to year.
IV. We don't know how stability attributes are linked to species richness in a community, but
David Tilman's outdoor plot experiments provide tentative answers.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
160.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Rich biodiversity is not only essential for ecosystem health but imperative for the
very survival of the human race on this planet.
Reason (R): We completely and definitively understand the exact mechanical linkages showing
how species richness maintains human life on Earth.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Rich biodiversity is not only essential for ecosystem health but imperative for the
very survival of the human race on this planet.
Reason (R): We completely and definitively understand the exact mechanical linkages showing
how species richness maintains human life on Earth.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
161.Consider the following statements regarding the results of David Tilman's long-term
ecosystem experiments:
I. Tilman found that plots with more species showed less year-to-year variation in total biomass.
II. Tilman found that plots with more species showed greater year-to-year variation in total
biomass.
III. In Tilman's experiments, increased species diversity contributed to higher productivity.
IV. In Tilman's experiments, increased species diversity contributed to equal or lower
productivity.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
ecosystem experiments:
I. Tilman found that plots with more species showed less year-to-year variation in total biomass.
II. Tilman found that plots with more species showed greater year-to-year variation in total
biomass.
III. In Tilman's experiments, increased species diversity contributed to higher productivity.
IV. In Tilman's experiments, increased species diversity contributed to equal or lower
productivity.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
162.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the rivet popper analogy, popping the first few rivets inside the airplane does
not cause an immediate threat to flight safety.
Reason (R): As more and more rivets are removed, the airplane becomes dangerously weak over
a period of time.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the rivet popper analogy, popping the first few rivets inside the airplane does
not cause an immediate threat to flight safety.
Reason (R): As more and more rivets are removed, the airplane becomes dangerously weak over
a period of time.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
163.According to the NCERT text, which of the following statements correctly describe the
attributes of a stable community?
I. A stable community must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances.
II. The occasional disturbances that a stable community faces must be exclusively natural.
III. A stable community must be highly resistant to invasions by alien species.
IV. A stable community must show high, uncontrolled year-to-year variation in biomass.
Choose the correct option:
attributes of a stable community?
I. A stable community must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances.
II. The occasional disturbances that a stable community faces must be exclusively natural.
III. A stable community must be highly resistant to invasions by alien species.
IV. A stable community must show high, uncontrolled year-to-year variation in biomass.
Choose the correct option:
164.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): For many decades, ecologists were unable to provide a definitive answer
regarding whether species diversity matters to ecosystem functioning.
Reason (R): David Tilman's long-term ecosystem experiments using outdoor plots provided
some definitive, final answers to this question.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): For many decades, ecologists were unable to provide a definitive answer
regarding whether species diversity matters to ecosystem functioning.
Reason (R): David Tilman's long-term ecosystem experiments using outdoor plots provided
some definitive, final answers to this question.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
165.Consider the following statements regarding the critical locations of rivets in the 'rivet
popper hypothesis':
I. Loss of rivets on the wings is a more serious threat to flight safety than loss of rivets inside the
plane.
II. Wing rivets in the analogy represent key species that drive major ecosystem functions.
III. Loss of rivets on seats or lockers/windows represents the loss of key species.
IV. The removal of any rivet inside the plane represents the loss of species driving major
functions.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
popper hypothesis':
I. Loss of rivets on the wings is a more serious threat to flight safety than loss of rivets inside the
plane.
II. Wing rivets in the analogy represent key species that drive major ecosystem functions.
III. Loss of rivets on seats or lockers/windows represents the loss of key species.
IV. The removal of any rivet inside the plane represents the loss of species driving major
functions.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
166.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In David Tilman's long-term ecosystem experiments, plots with less species
showed more year-to-year variation in total biomass.
Reason (R): Tilman showed that increased species diversity contributed to lower overall
ecosystem productivity.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In David Tilman's long-term ecosystem experiments, plots with less species
showed more year-to-year variation in total biomass.
Reason (R): Tilman showed that increased species diversity contributed to lower overall
ecosystem productivity.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
167.According to the NCERT text, which of the following represent the literal 'naive
questions' raised regarding the consequences of species loss?
I. Would Western Ghats ecosystems be less functional if one of its tree frog species is lost
forever?
II. Does it really matter to us if a few species become extinct?
III. How is our quality of life affected if, instead of 20,000, we have only 15,000 species of ants on
earth?
IV. Would Eastern Ghats ecosystems be less functional if one of its bird species is lost forever?
Choose the correct option:
questions' raised regarding the consequences of species loss?
I. Would Western Ghats ecosystems be less functional if one of its tree frog species is lost
forever?
II. Does it really matter to us if a few species become extinct?
III. How is our quality of life affected if, instead of 20,000, we have only 15,000 species of ants on
earth?
IV. Would Eastern Ghats ecosystems be less functional if one of its bird species is lost forever?
Choose the correct option:
168.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the rivet popper hypothesis, removing a rivet from the seat or locker inside the
plane represents causing a species driving key ecosystem functions to become extinct.
Reason (R): Loss of rivets on the wings is a far more serious threat to flight safety than the loss
of internal rivets.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the rivet popper hypothesis, removing a rivet from the seat or locker inside the
plane represents causing a species driving key ecosystem functions to become extinct.
Reason (R): Loss of rivets on the wings is a far more serious threat to flight safety than the loss
of internal rivets.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
169.Consider the following statements regarding the stability of a biological community:
I. A stable community must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances.
II. The occasional disturbances that a stable community must resist can be man-made.
III. The occasional disturbances that a stable community must resist can be natural.
IV. A stable community should show high, fluctuating year-to-year variation in productivity to
cope with environmental stresses.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
I. A stable community must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances.
II. The occasional disturbances that a stable community must resist can be man-made.
III. The occasional disturbances that a stable community must resist can be natural.
IV. A stable community should show high, fluctuating year-to-year variation in productivity to
cope with environmental stresses.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
170.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the rivet popper hypothesis, 'flight safety' is used as an analogical
representation of the proper functioning of the ecosystem.
Reason (R): The 'passengers' travelling in the airplane represent the different trophic levels
within the ecosystem.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the rivet popper hypothesis, 'flight safety' is used as an analogical
representation of the proper functioning of the ecosystem.
Reason (R): The 'passengers' travelling in the airplane represent the different trophic levels
within the ecosystem.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
171.According to Section 13.1.3 of the NCERT text, which of the following statements are
correct?
I. Does the number of species in a community really matter to the functioning of the ecosystem?
Ecologists have not been able to give a definitive answer to this.
II. We do not understand completely how species richness contributes to the well-being of an
ecosystem.
III. We know enough to realize that rich biodiversity is essential for ecosystem health.
IV. Rich biodiversity is imperative for the very survival of the human race on this planet.
Choose the correct option:
correct?
I. Does the number of species in a community really matter to the functioning of the ecosystem?
Ecologists have not been able to give a definitive answer to this.
II. We do not understand completely how species richness contributes to the well-being of an
ecosystem.
III. We know enough to realize that rich biodiversity is essential for ecosystem health.
IV. Rich biodiversity is imperative for the very survival of the human race on this planet.
Choose the correct option:
172.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): David Tilman's long-term ecosystem experiments provided tentative answers to
how species richness is linked to stability in a community.
Reason (R): Tilman found that plots with more species showed less year-to-year variation in
total biomass.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): David Tilman's long-term ecosystem experiments provided tentative answers to
how species richness is linked to stability in a community.
Reason (R): Tilman found that plots with more species showed less year-to-year variation in
total biomass.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
173.Consider the following statements regarding the cumulative effect of species loss in the
rivet popper hypothesis:
I. Initially, popping a few rivets to take home may not affect flight safety.
II. As more and more rivets are removed, the plane becomes dangerously weak over a period of
time.
III. The loss of rivets on the wings does not affect flight safety at all because seats support the
wings.
IV. Which rivet is removed is critical, as removing wing rivets is obviously a more serious threat
than removing seat rivets.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
rivet popper hypothesis:
I. Initially, popping a few rivets to take home may not affect flight safety.
II. As more and more rivets are removed, the plane becomes dangerously weak over a period of
time.
III. The loss of rivets on the wings does not affect flight safety at all because seats support the
wings.
IV. Which rivet is removed is critical, as removing wing rivets is obviously a more serious threat
than removing seat rivets.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
174.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A stable biological community should not show too much variation in
productivity from year to year.
Reason (R): High year-to-year variation in biomass is a prime indicator of an ecosystem's
resistance to alien species invasions.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A stable biological community should not show too much variation in
productivity from year to year.
Reason (R): High year-to-year variation in biomass is a prime indicator of an ecosystem's
resistance to alien species invasions.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
175.Based on Section 13.1.3 of the NCERT text, which of the following statements correctly
describe stable community characteristics?
I. It must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances.
II. Occasional disturbances can be natural or man-made.
III. It must be resistant to invasions by alien species.
IV. It must be susceptible to invasions by alien species to allow natural succession.
Choose the correct option:
describe stable community characteristics?
I. It must be either resistant or resilient to occasional disturbances.
II. Occasional disturbances can be natural or man-made.
III. It must be resistant to invasions by alien species.
IV. It must be susceptible to invasions by alien species to allow natural succession.
Choose the correct option:
176.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): For many decades, ecologists believed that communities with more species,
generally, tend to be more stable than those with less species.
Reason (R): Stability in a biological community is defined as showing high fluctuations in year-
to-year productivity to adapt to occasional disturbances.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): For many decades, ecologists believed that communities with more species,
generally, tend to be more stable than those with less species.
Reason (R): Stability in a biological community is defined as showing high fluctuations in year-
to-year productivity to adapt to occasional disturbances.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
177.According to the rivet popper hypothesis proposed by Paul Ehrlich, which of the
following statements are correct?
I. Popping a rivet to take home represents causing a species to become extinct.
II. Initially, popping a rivet may not affect flight safety.
III. As more and more rivets are removed, the plane becomes dangerously weak over a period of
time.
IV. Wing rivets represent key species driving major ecosystem functions.
Choose the correct option:
following statements are correct?
I. Popping a rivet to take home represents causing a species to become extinct.
II. Initially, popping a rivet may not affect flight safety.
III. As more and more rivets are removed, the plane becomes dangerously weak over a period of
time.
IV. Wing rivets represent key species driving major ecosystem functions.
Choose the correct option:
178.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The NCERT text raises a naive question regarding whether the Western Ghats
ecosystems would be less functional if one of its tree frog species is lost forever.
Reason (R): Tree frogs are explicitly described in the NCERT text as the only wing rivets in the
Western Ghats ecosystem.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The NCERT text raises a naive question regarding whether the Western Ghats
ecosystems would be less functional if one of its tree frog species is lost forever.
Reason (R): Tree frogs are explicitly described in the NCERT text as the only wing rivets in the
Western Ghats ecosystem.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
179.Consider the following statements regarding the well-being of our ecosystems and species
richness:
I. We may not understand completely how species richness contributes to the well-being of an
ecosystem.
II. We know enough to realize that rich biodiversity is essential for ecosystem health.
III. Rich biodiversity is imperative for the very survival of the human race on this planet.
IV. We are currently losing species at a very slow and negligible pace.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
richness:
I. We may not understand completely how species richness contributes to the well-being of an
ecosystem.
II. We know enough to realize that rich biodiversity is essential for ecosystem health.
III. Rich biodiversity is imperative for the very survival of the human race on this planet.
IV. We are currently losing species at a very slow and negligible pace.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
180.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): David Tilman's experiments showed that increased species diversity contributed
to higher ecosystem productivity.
Reason (R): In Tilman's outdoor plot experiments, plots with less species showed less year-to-
year variation in total biomass.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): David Tilman's experiments showed that increased species diversity contributed
to higher ecosystem productivity.
Reason (R): In Tilman's outdoor plot experiments, plots with less species showed less year-to-
year variation in total biomass.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
181.Consider the following statements regarding the addition and loss of species on Earth:
I. It is doubtful if any new species are being added through speciation into the earth's treasury
of species.
II. There is no doubt about the continuing losses of species from the earth's treasury.
III. The biological wealth of our planet has been declining rapidly due to natural evolutionary
shifts.
IV. The accusing finger for the decline of biological wealth is clearly pointing to human
activities.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
I. It is doubtful if any new species are being added through speciation into the earth's treasury
of species.
II. There is no doubt about the continuing losses of species from the earth's treasury.
III. The biological wealth of our planet has been declining rapidly due to natural evolutionary
shifts.
IV. The accusing finger for the decline of biological wealth is clearly pointing to human
activities.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
182.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The colonisation of tropical Pacific Islands by humans is said to have led to the
extinction of more than 2,000 species of native birds.
Reason (R): More than 15,500 species world-wide are currently facing the threat of extinction.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The colonisation of tropical Pacific Islands by humans is said to have led to the
extinction of more than 2,000 species of native birds.
Reason (R): More than 15,500 species world-wide are currently facing the threat of extinction.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
183.Consider the following statements regarding the IUCN Red List (2004) documents on
extinctions:
I. The documents record the extinction of 784 species in the last 500 years.
II. The extinct species list consists of 338 vertebrates, 359 invertebrates, and 87 plants.
III. The recorded extinctions span a timeframe of exactly 1,000 years.
IV. The last twenty years alone have witnessed the disappearance of 27 species.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
extinctions:
I. The documents record the extinction of 784 species in the last 500 years.
II. The extinct species list consists of 338 vertebrates, 359 invertebrates, and 87 plants.
III. The recorded extinctions span a timeframe of exactly 1,000 years.
IV. The last twenty years alone have witnessed the disappearance of 27 species.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
184.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Careful analysis of records shows that extinctions across different taxonomic
groups are not random.
Reason (R): Some groups, such as amphibians, appear to be more vulnerable to extinction than
others.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Careful analysis of records shows that extinctions across different taxonomic
groups are not random.
Reason (R): Some groups, such as amphibians, appear to be more vulnerable to extinction than
others.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
185.Consider the following statements regarding the geographic origins of recently extinct
species listed in NCERT:
I. The dodo is a recently extinct species from Mauritius.
II. The quagga is a recently extinct species from Australia.
III. The thylacine is a recently extinct species from Africa.
IV. Steller's Sea Cow is a recently extinct species from Russia.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
species listed in NCERT:
I. The dodo is a recently extinct species from Mauritius.
II. The quagga is a recently extinct species from Australia.
III. The thylacine is a recently extinct species from Africa.
IV. Steller's Sea Cow is a recently extinct species from Russia.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
186.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Three subspecies of tiger—Bali, Javan, and Caspian—are listed as recent
extinctions in the NCERT text.
Reason (R): The last twenty years alone have witnessed the disappearance of 27 species of tigers.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Three subspecies of tiger—Bali, Javan, and Caspian—are listed as recent
extinctions in the NCERT text.
Reason (R): The last twenty years alone have witnessed the disappearance of 27 species of tigers.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
187.Consider the following statements regarding the global percentages of species currently
facing the threat of extinction:
I. 12 per cent of all bird species face the threat of extinction.
II. 23 per cent of all mammal species face the threat of extinction.
III. 32 per cent of all gymnosperm species face the threat of extinction.
IV. 31 per cent of all amphibian species face the threat of extinction.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
facing the threat of extinction:
I. 12 per cent of all bird species face the threat of extinction.
II. 23 per cent of all mammal species face the threat of extinction.
III. 32 per cent of all gymnosperm species face the threat of extinction.
IV. 31 per cent of all amphibian species face the threat of extinction.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
188.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): More than 15,500 species world-wide are currently facing the threat of extinction.
Reason (R): Presently, amphibians represent the taxonomic group with the highest percentage
of species facing the threat of extinction among birds, mammals, and gymnosperms.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): More than 15,500 species world-wide are currently facing the threat of extinction.
Reason (R): Presently, amphibians represent the taxonomic group with the highest percentage
of species facing the threat of extinction among birds, mammals, and gymnosperms.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
189.Consider the following statements regarding the historical mass extinctions revealed by
fossil records:
I. Large-scale loss of species has happened earlier on Earth, even before humans appeared.
II. The period since the origin and diversification of life on Earth is more than 3 billion years.
III. During this 3-billion-year period, there were five episodes of mass extinction of species.
IV. The 'Sixth Extinction' is the episode that is currently in progress.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
fossil records:
I. Large-scale loss of species has happened earlier on Earth, even before humans appeared.
II. The period since the origin and diversification of life on Earth is more than 3 billion years.
III. During this 3-billion-year period, there were five episodes of mass extinction of species.
IV. The 'Sixth Extinction' is the episode that is currently in progress.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
190.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The current 'Sixth Extinction' presently in progress is estimated to be proceeding
at a significantly faster rate than the previous five episodes.
Reason (R): The current species extinction rates are estimated to be 100 to 1,000 times faster
than in pre-human times, and human activities are responsible.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The current 'Sixth Extinction' presently in progress is estimated to be proceeding
at a significantly faster rate than the previous five episodes.
Reason (R): The current species extinction rates are estimated to be 100 to 1,000 times faster
than in pre-human times, and human activities are responsible.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
191.Consider the following statements regarding the projected future biodiversity loss and its
consequences:
I. Nearly half of all species on Earth might be wiped out within the next 100 years if present
trends continue.
II. In general, loss of biodiversity in a region leads to a decline in plant production.
III. Loss of biodiversity leads to increased resistance to environmental perturbations such as
drought.
IV. Loss of biodiversity leads to increased variability in certain ecosystem processes such as
water use and pest cycles.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
consequences:
I. Nearly half of all species on Earth might be wiped out within the next 100 years if present
trends continue.
II. In general, loss of biodiversity in a region leads to a decline in plant production.
III. Loss of biodiversity leads to increased resistance to environmental perturbations such as
drought.
IV. Loss of biodiversity leads to increased variability in certain ecosystem processes such as
water use and pest cycles.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
192.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Loss of biodiversity in a region leads to increased variability in plant
productivity, water use, and pest and disease cycles.
Reason (R): If the present trends of species loss continue, nearly half of all the species on Earth
might be wiped out within the next 100 years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Loss of biodiversity in a region leads to increased variability in plant
productivity, water use, and pest and disease cycles.
Reason (R): If the present trends of species loss continue, nearly half of all the species on Earth
might be wiped out within the next 100 years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
193.According to the NCERT Chapter 13 Summary, which of the following statements are
correct?
I. Life originated on Earth nearly 3.8 billion years ago.
II. Fungi have more species than all vertebrate species combined.
III. Of the threatened species facing extinction globally, more than 650 are from India.
IV. Nearly 700 species have become extinct in recent times.
Choose the correct option:
correct?
I. Life originated on Earth nearly 3.8 billion years ago.
II. Fungi have more species than all vertebrate species combined.
III. Of the threatened species facing extinction globally, more than 650 are from India.
IV. Nearly 700 species have become extinct in recent times.
Choose the correct option:
194.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): According to the NCERT Chapter 13 Summary, life originated on Earth nearly
3.8 billion years ago.
Reason (R): The main text of the chapter states that the long period since the origin and
diversification of life on Earth is more than 3 billion years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): According to the NCERT Chapter 13 Summary, life originated on Earth nearly
3.8 billion years ago.
Reason (R): The main text of the chapter states that the long period since the origin and
diversification of life on Earth is more than 3 billion years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
195.Consider the following statements regarding the threat categories and percentages of
extinction in modern taxa:
I. Bird species have the lowest percentage of threatened species among birds, mammals,
amphibians, and gymnosperms.
II. Gymnosperms have a higher percentage of threatened species than mammals.
III. Mammals have a higher percentage of threatened species than birds.
IV. Amphibians have the highest percentage of threatened species of all four groups.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
extinction in modern taxa:
I. Bird species have the lowest percentage of threatened species among birds, mammals,
amphibians, and gymnosperms.
II. Gymnosperms have a higher percentage of threatened species than mammals.
III. Mammals have a higher percentage of threatened species than birds.
IV. Amphibians have the highest percentage of threatened species of all four groups.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
196.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Presently, 12 per cent of all bird species in the world face the threat of extinction.
Reason (R): The colonisation of tropical Pacific Islands by humans is said to have led to the
extinction of more than 2,000 species of native birds.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Presently, 12 per cent of all bird species in the world face the threat of extinction.
Reason (R): The colonisation of tropical Pacific Islands by humans is said to have led to the
extinction of more than 2,000 species of native birds.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
197.Consider the following statements regarding the species extinctions documented in the
IUCN Red List (2004) over the last 500 years:
I. The total number of plant species recorded as extinct is 87.
II. The number of invertebrate species recorded as extinct is 359.
III. The number of vertebrate species recorded as extinct is 338.
IV. The total number of animal species (vertebrates + invertebrates) recorded as extinct is 697.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
IUCN Red List (2004) over the last 500 years:
I. The total number of plant species recorded as extinct is 87.
II. The number of invertebrate species recorded as extinct is 359.
III. The number of vertebrate species recorded as extinct is 338.
IV. The total number of animal species (vertebrates + invertebrates) recorded as extinct is 697.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
198.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Over the last 500 years, documented invertebrate extinctions have exceeded
vertebrate extinctions.
Reason (R): The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of 359 invertebrates and 338
vertebrates in the last 500 years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Over the last 500 years, documented invertebrate extinctions have exceeded
vertebrate extinctions.
Reason (R): The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of 359 invertebrates and 338
vertebrates in the last 500 years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
199.According to the NCERT text, which of the following represent the general consequences
of biodiversity loss in a region?
I. Decline in plant production.
II. Lowered resistance to environmental perturbations such as drought.
III. Increased variability in plant productivity and water use.
IV. Increased variability in pest and disease cycles.
Choose the correct option:
of biodiversity loss in a region?
I. Decline in plant production.
II. Lowered resistance to environmental perturbations such as drought.
III. Increased variability in plant productivity and water use.
IV. Increased variability in pest and disease cycles.
Choose the correct option:
200.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Loss of biodiversity in a region may lead to lowered resistance to environmental
perturbations such as drought.
Reason (R): Plant production and water use show decreased variability in regions experiencing
species loss.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Loss of biodiversity in a region may lead to lowered resistance to environmental
perturbations such as drought.
Reason (R): Plant production and water use show decreased variability in regions experiencing
species loss.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
201.Consider the following statements regarding the threat of extinction faced by species in
India according to the NCERT Chapter 13 Summary:
I. More than 15,500 species worldwide currently face the threat of extinction.
II. Out of these globally threatened species, more than 650 species are from India.
III. The main text of Chapter 13 provides the exact count of threatened species in India as 650.
IV. The summary lists Indian threatened species as greater than 650.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
India according to the NCERT Chapter 13 Summary:
I. More than 15,500 species worldwide currently face the threat of extinction.
II. Out of these globally threatened species, more than 650 species are from India.
III. The main text of Chapter 13 provides the exact count of threatened species in India as 650.
IV. The summary lists Indian threatened species as greater than 650.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
202.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): According to the NCERT Chapter 13 Summary, nearly 700 species have become
extinct in recent times.
Reason (R): The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of exactly 784 species in the
last 500 years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): According to the NCERT Chapter 13 Summary, nearly 700 species have become
extinct in recent times.
Reason (R): The IUCN Red List (2004) documents the extinction of exactly 784 species in the
last 500 years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
203.Consider the following statements regarding the publishing year and details of the IUCN
Red List mentioned in the text:
I. The IUCN Red List year cited in the text is 2004.
II. The Red List documents extinctions occurring over the last 500 years.
III. The total number of plant species recorded as extinct is 87.
IV. The publication year of the Red List is swapped with the year of the Johannesburg World
Summit in some questions.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
Red List mentioned in the text:
I. The IUCN Red List year cited in the text is 2004.
II. The Red List documents extinctions occurring over the last 500 years.
III. The total number of plant species recorded as extinct is 87.
IV. The publication year of the Red List is swapped with the year of the Johannesburg World
Summit in some questions.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
204.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Plants comprise the smallest percentage of documented extinctions in the IUCN
Red List (2004) among plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates.
Reason (R): The IUCN Red List (2004) records the extinction of 87 plant species in the last 500
years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Plants comprise the smallest percentage of documented extinctions in the IUCN
Red List (2004) among plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates.
Reason (R): The IUCN Red List (2004) records the extinction of 87 plant species in the last 500
years.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
205.Consider the following statements regarding the recently extinct subspecies of tiger listed
in the text:
I. The three subspecies are Bali, Javan, and Caspian.
II. Bengal tiger is listed as recently extinct in the NCERT text.
III. Caspian tiger is a valid extinct subspecies listed in the text.
IV. The Javan tiger is also a recently extinct subspecies listed in the text.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
in the text:
I. The three subspecies are Bali, Javan, and Caspian.
II. Bengal tiger is listed as recently extinct in the NCERT text.
III. Caspian tiger is a valid extinct subspecies listed in the text.
IV. The Javan tiger is also a recently extinct subspecies listed in the text.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
206.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): During the long period since the origin and diversification of life on Earth, there
were five episodes of mass extinction.
Reason (R): The current species extinction rates are estimated to be 100 to 1,000 times faster
than in pre-human times.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): During the long period since the origin and diversification of life on Earth, there
were five episodes of mass extinction.
Reason (R): The current species extinction rates are estimated to be 100 to 1,000 times faster
than in pre-human times.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
207.Consider the following statements regarding the specific ecosystem processes that show
increased variability due to biodiversity loss in a region:
I. Plant productivity is one of the processes that shows increased variability.
II. Water use by the ecosystem also shows increased variability.
III. Pest and disease cycles show increased variability.
IV. Soil erosion rate is explicitly listed in this section of the text as an ecosystem process showing
increased variability.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
increased variability due to biodiversity loss in a region:
I. Plant productivity is one of the processes that shows increased variability.
II. Water use by the ecosystem also shows increased variability.
III. Pest and disease cycles show increased variability.
IV. Soil erosion rate is explicitly listed in this section of the text as an ecosystem process showing
increased variability.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
208.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Some groups, like amphibians, appear to be more vulnerable to extinction than
other taxonomic groups.
Reason (R): Presently, 32 per cent of all amphibian species in the world face the threat of
extinction.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Some groups, like amphibians, appear to be more vulnerable to extinction than
other taxonomic groups.
Reason (R): Presently, 32 per cent of all amphibian species in the world face the threat of
extinction.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
209.Consider the following statements regarding the fossil records of mass extinctions on
Earth:
I. There have been five episodes of mass extinction prior to the current one.
II. The long period since the origin and diversification of life on Earth is more than 3 billion
years.
III. The current ongoing episode is the sixth mass extinction.
IV. The current extinction rates are estimated to be 100 to 1,000 times slower than pre-human
times.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
Earth:
I. There have been five episodes of mass extinction prior to the current one.
II. The long period since the origin and diversification of life on Earth is more than 3 billion
years.
III. The current ongoing episode is the sixth mass extinction.
IV. The current extinction rates are estimated to be 100 to 1,000 times slower than pre-human
times.
Which of the statements given above are correct according to the NCERT text?
210.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): If the current species extinction trends continue, nearly half of all species on
Earth might be wiped out within the next 100 years.
Reason (R): Loss of biodiversity in a region leads to a decline in plant production, lowered
resistance to perturbations like drought, and increased variability in certain ecosystem
processes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): If the current species extinction trends continue, nearly half of all species on
Earth might be wiped out within the next 100 years.
Reason (R): Loss of biodiversity in a region leads to a decline in plant production, lowered
resistance to perturbations like drought, and increased variability in certain ecosystem
processes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
211.Assertion: Habitat loss and fragmentation is considered the most important cause driving
species to extinction.
Reason: The tropical rainforests, which once covered 14% of the Earth's land surface, have now
been reduced to covering only 6% due to rapid habitat destruction.
species to extinction.
Reason: The tropical rainforests, which once covered 14% of the Earth's land surface, have now
been reduced to covering only 6% due to rapid habitat destruction.
212.Based on the provided text, which of the following statements regarding the causes of
biodiversity loss is/are correct?
I. Habitat degradation can occur through pollution.
II. The Amazon rainforest is being cut and cleared to cultivate soybeans or for conversion to
grasslands for raising dairy cattle.
III. Fragmentation is one of the processes under habitat loss that causes biodiversity decline.
biodiversity loss is/are correct?
I. Habitat degradation can occur through pollution.
II. The Amazon rainforest is being cut and cleared to cultivate soybeans or for conversion to
grasslands for raising dairy cattle.
III. Fragmentation is one of the processes under habitat loss that causes biodiversity decline.
213.Assertion: Steller's sea cow and passenger pigeon went extinct within the last 500 years.
Reason: These species were lost due to the most important cause of biodiversity loss, which is
habitat degradation by pollution.
Reason: These species were lost due to the most important cause of biodiversity loss, which is
habitat degradation by pollution.
214.Based on the provided text, which of the following statements regarding alien species
invasions is/are correct?
I. The introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria in East Africa resulted in the extinction of
200 cichlid fish.
II. Carrot grass, Lantana, and water hyacinth are invasive alien weed species.
III. Clarias gariepinus is an African catfish whose legal introduction for aquaculture has
threatened indigenous catfishes in our rivers.
invasions is/are correct?
I. The introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria in East Africa resulted in the extinction of
200 cichlid fish.
II. Carrot grass, Lantana, and water hyacinth are invasive alien weed species.
III. Clarias gariepinus is an African catfish whose legal introduction for aquaculture has
threatened indigenous catfishes in our rivers.
215.Assertion: Under co-extinctions, when a host fish becomes extinct, its unique parasites
also face extinction.
Reason: In a plant-pollinator mutualism, the relationship is optional so the extinction of one
partner does not affect the survival of the other.
also face extinction.
Reason: In a plant-pollinator mutualism, the relationship is optional so the extinction of one
partner does not affect the survival of the other.
216.Based on the provided text, which of the following are categorized as narrowly utilitarian
benefits of biodiversity?
I. Firewood, fibre, and construction materials.
II. Aesthetic pleasures like walking in the woods and listening to the Bulbul's song.
III. Industrial products like tannins, lubricants, dyes, resins, and perfumes.
IV. More than 25% of drugs derived from plants and 25,000 species of plants used in traditional
medicines.
benefits of biodiversity?
I. Firewood, fibre, and construction materials.
II. Aesthetic pleasures like walking in the woods and listening to the Bulbul's song.
III. Industrial products like tannins, lubricants, dyes, resins, and perfumes.
IV. More than 25% of drugs derived from plants and 25,000 species of plants used in traditional
medicines.
217.Assertion: Broadly utilitarian reasons for conserving biodiversity include the invaluable
ecosystem services provided by nature.
Reason: The Amazon forest is estimated to produce 20% of the total oxygen in the Earth's
atmosphere through photosynthesis, and pollination is carried out by bees, bumblebees, birds,
and bats.
ecosystem services provided by nature.
Reason: The Amazon forest is estimated to produce 20% of the total oxygen in the Earth's
atmosphere through photosynthesis, and pollination is carried out by bees, bumblebees, birds,
and bats.
218.Based on the provided text, which of the following statements about the ethical argument
for conserving biodiversity is/are correct?
I. The ethical argument states that every species has an intrinsic value, even if it may not be of
any current economic value to us.
II. We have a moral duty to care for the well-being of all species and pass on our biological
legacy in good order.
III. It emphasizes exploring molecular, genetic, and species-level diversity for products of
economic importance.
for conserving biodiversity is/are correct?
I. The ethical argument states that every species has an intrinsic value, even if it may not be of
any current economic value to us.
II. We have a moral duty to care for the well-being of all species and pass on our biological
legacy in good order.
III. It emphasizes exploring molecular, genetic, and species-level diversity for products of
economic importance.
219.Assertion: Strict protection of the world's biodiversity hotspots can reduce the ongoing
mass extinctions by almost 30 per cent.
Reason: All the biodiversity hotspots put together cover less than 2 per cent of the Earth’s land
area.
mass extinctions by almost 30 per cent.
Reason: All the biodiversity hotspots put together cover less than 2 per cent of the Earth’s land
area.
220.Based on the provided text, which of the following statements regarding biodiversity
hotspots are correct?
I. There are a total of 34 biodiversity hotspots in the world.
II. The hotspots covering India's exceptionally high biodiversity regions are Western Ghats &
Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma, and Himalaya.
III. These hotspots collectively cover more than 2% of the Earth's land area.
hotspots are correct?
I. There are a total of 34 biodiversity hotspots in the world.
II. The hotspots covering India's exceptionally high biodiversity regions are Western Ghats &
Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma, and Himalaya.
III. These hotspots collectively cover more than 2% of the Earth's land area.
221.Assertion: In Meghalaya, sacred groves are the last refuges for a large number of rare
and threatened plants.
Reason: Sacred groves in Meghalaya are located in the Aravalli Hills, which are protected by
local tribal beliefs.
and threatened plants.
Reason: Sacred groves in Meghalaya are located in the Aravalli Hills, which are protected by
local tribal beliefs.
222.Based on the provided text and summary, which of the following statements regarding
India's in situ conservation statistics are correct?
I. According to the main text, India has 14 biosphere reserves and 90 national parks.
II. The main text states that India has 448 wildlife sanctuaries, whereas the Chapter Summary
states there are more than 450 wildlife sanctuaries.
III. Both the main text and the summary agree that there are 90 biosphere reserves in India.
India's in situ conservation statistics are correct?
I. According to the main text, India has 14 biosphere reserves and 90 national parks.
II. The main text states that India has 448 wildlife sanctuaries, whereas the Chapter Summary
states there are more than 450 wildlife sanctuaries.
III. Both the main text and the summary agree that there are 90 biosphere reserves in India.
223.Assertion: Gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition
for long periods using cryopreservation.
Reason: Cryopreservation, seed banks, and tissue culture are advanced in situ conservation
methods.
for long periods using cryopreservation.
Reason: Cryopreservation, seed banks, and tissue culture are advanced in situ conservation
methods.
224.Based on the provided text, which of the following are correctly categorized as ex situ
conservation methods?
I. Zoological parks and botanical gardens.
II. Wildlife safari parks.
III. Biosphere reserves and national parks.
IV. Seed banks and cryopreservation.
conservation methods?
I. Zoological parks and botanical gardens.
II. Wildlife safari parks.
III. Biosphere reserves and national parks.
IV. Seed banks and cryopreservation.
225.Assertion: The Convention on Biological Diversity (The Earth Summit) was held in Rio
de Janeiro in 1992.
Reason: The Earth Summit called upon all nations to take appropriate measures for
biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of its benefits.
de Janeiro in 1992.
Reason: The Earth Summit called upon all nations to take appropriate measures for
biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of its benefits.
226.Based on the provided text, which of the following statements regarding the World
Summit on Sustainable Development are correct?
I. It was held in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002.
II. A total of 190 countries pledged their commitment at this summit.
III. The target set was to achieve a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss at
global, regional, and local levels by the year 2012.
Summit on Sustainable Development are correct?
I. It was held in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002.
II. A total of 190 countries pledged their commitment at this summit.
III. The target set was to achieve a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss at
global, regional, and local levels by the year 2012.
227.Assertion: The introduction of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus poses a major threat
to indigenous catfishes in our rivers.
Reason: Clarias gariepinus was legally introduced by the government to improve aquaculture
production.
to indigenous catfishes in our rivers.
Reason: Clarias gariepinus was legally introduced by the government to improve aquaculture
production.
228.Based on the provided text, which of the following extinctions or threats are correctly
paired with their main cause?
I. Extinction of Steller's sea cow - Over-exploitation
II. Extinction of passenger pigeon - Over-exploitation
III. Extinction of cichlid fish in Lake Victoria - Over-exploitation
IV. Threat to indigenous catfishes - Alien species invasion
paired with their main cause?
I. Extinction of Steller's sea cow - Over-exploitation
II. Extinction of passenger pigeon - Over-exploitation
III. Extinction of cichlid fish in Lake Victoria - Over-exploitation
IV. Threat to indigenous catfishes - Alien species invasion
229.Assertion: Bioprospecting is an activity categorized under the narrowly utilitarian
reasons for biodiversity conservation.
Reason: Bioprospecting involves exploring molecular, genetic, and species-level diversity for
products of economic importance.
reasons for biodiversity conservation.
Reason: Bioprospecting involves exploring molecular, genetic, and species-level diversity for
products of economic importance.
230.Based on the provided text, which of the following pairs of sacred groves and their
corresponding states/regions are correctly matched?
I. Khasi and Jaintia Hills - Meghalaya
II. Aravalli Hills - Rajasthan
III. Western Ghats - Karnataka and Maharashtra
IV. Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas - Madhya Pradesh
corresponding states/regions are correctly matched?
I. Khasi and Jaintia Hills - Meghalaya
II. Aravalli Hills - Rajasthan
III. Western Ghats - Karnataka and Maharashtra
IV. Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas - Madhya Pradesh
231.Assertion: When large habitats are broken into small fragments, mammals and birds are
badly affected, leading to population declines.
Reason: Mammals and birds generally require small territories and have non-migratory habits,
making them highly sensitive to fragmentation.
badly affected, leading to population declines.
Reason: Mammals and birds generally require small territories and have non-migratory habits,
making them highly sensitive to fragmentation.
232.Based on the provided text, which of the following ecological relationships are associated
with co-extinctions?
I. Host fish and its unique parasites.
II. Obligate plant-pollinator mutualisms.
III. Competition between Nile perch and indigenous cichlid fish.
with co-extinctions?
I. Host fish and its unique parasites.
II. Obligate plant-pollinator mutualisms.
III. Competition between Nile perch and indigenous cichlid fish.
233.Assertion: The Amazon rain forest is estimated to produce 20% of the total oxygen in the
Earth's atmosphere through photosynthesis.
Reason: Conserving the Amazon rain forest for its oxygen production is an ethical reason for
conserving biodiversity.
Earth's atmosphere through photosynthesis.
Reason: Conserving the Amazon rain forest for its oxygen production is an ethical reason for
conserving biodiversity.
234.Based on the provided text, which of the following are categorized as broadly utilitarian
benefits of biodiversity?
I. Oxygen production by major ecosystems like the Amazon forest.
II. Pollination of plants by bees, bumblebees, birds, and bats.
III. Aesthetic pleasures like hearing a Bulbul's song or walking through thick woods.
IV. Traditional medicines obtained from 25,000 species of plants.
benefits of biodiversity?
I. Oxygen production by major ecosystems like the Amazon forest.
II. Pollination of plants by bees, bumblebees, birds, and bats.
III. Aesthetic pleasures like hearing a Bulbul's song or walking through thick woods.
IV. Traditional medicines obtained from 25,000 species of plants.
235.Assertion: The World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in 2002 in
Johannesburg, South Africa.
Reason: At the 2002 World Summit, 190 countries pledged to achieve a significant reduction in
the current rate of biodiversity loss by 2010.
Johannesburg, South Africa.
Reason: At the 2002 World Summit, 190 countries pledged to achieve a significant reduction in
the current rate of biodiversity loss by 2010.
236.Based on the provided text, which of the following statements regarding invasive species
is/are correct?
I. Carrot grass, Lantana, and water hyacinth are invasive alien species.
II. Parthenium is the scientific or common name associated with carrot grass.
III. Eichhornia is the scientific or common name associated with water hyacinth.
IV. The Nile perch is an invasive fish species introduced into Lake Victoria.
is/are correct?
I. Carrot grass, Lantana, and water hyacinth are invasive alien species.
II. Parthenium is the scientific or common name associated with carrot grass.
III. Eichhornia is the scientific or common name associated with water hyacinth.
IV. The Nile perch is an invasive fish species introduced into Lake Victoria.
237.Assertion: The Western Ghats & Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma, and Himalaya are three major
biodiversity hotspots that cover our country.
Reason: Biodiversity hotspots represent regions with extremely high species richness and very
high levels of endemism.
biodiversity hotspots that cover our country.
Reason: Biodiversity hotspots represent regions with extremely high species richness and very
high levels of endemism.
238.Based on the provided text, which of the following advanced biological techniques are
classified under ex situ conservation?
I. Cryopreservation of gametes.
II. In vitro fertilisation.
III. Tissue culture propagation.
IV. Seed banks.
classified under ex situ conservation?
I. Cryopreservation of gametes.
II. In vitro fertilisation.
III. Tissue culture propagation.
IV. Seed banks.
239.Assertion: The introduction of the Nile perch caused the extinction of more than 200
species of cichlid fish.
Reason: Nile perch is an indigenous species of Lake Victoria that became invasive due to lake
pollution.
species of cichlid fish.
Reason: Nile perch is an indigenous species of Lake Victoria that became invasive due to lake
pollution.
240.Based on the provided text, identify the correct statements regarding international
summits on biodiversity:
I. The Earth Summit was held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro.
II. The World Summit was held in 2002 in Johannesburg.
III. The Convention on Biological Diversity was the focus of the Earth Summit.
IV. The World Summit involved 190 countries pledging to reduce biodiversity loss.
summits on biodiversity:
I. The Earth Summit was held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro.
II. The World Summit was held in 2002 in Johannesburg.
III. The Convention on Biological Diversity was the focus of the Earth Summit.
IV. The World Summit involved 190 countries pledging to reduce biodiversity loss.
Answer Key
11
24
33
41
51
63
73
83
93
104
111
124
134
143
152
164
172
181
192
201
211
223
232
244
254
263
271
282
291
301
313
321
333
342
353
362
372
384
391
404
413
424
432
441
453
464
474
483
494
501
513
521
531
543
553
564
574
582
591
602
614
624
633
643
653
662
671
681
692
701
712
724
731
744
752
762
772
783
794
804
813
824
832
841
854
861
872
883
892
902
914
923
934
941
952
962
974
982
994
1004
1012
1024
1034
1043
1051
1063
1074
1084
1092
1104
1113
1122
1133
1143
1152
1164
1171
1183
1191
1201
1213
1224
1232
1244
1254
1261
1272
1284
1293
1301
1314
1321
1331
1342
1351
1362
1372
1384
1393
1403
1413
1424
1432
1444
1453
1463
1472
1483
1492
1501
1511
1524
1532
1544
1552
1561
1574
1583
1593
1602
1611
1621
1633
1644
1654
1662
1671
1683
1694
1702
1712
1723
1731
1741
1754
1764
1773
1784
1794
1804
1812
1824
1833
1843
1854
1864
1872
1882
1893
1904
1914
1921
1933
1941
1954
1962
1972
1981
1994
2001
2011
2022
2031
2042
2052
2061
2071
2084
2092
2104
2114
2124
2132
2143
2151
2164
2174
2182
2191
2201
2212
2222
2232
2243
2251
2264
2273
2281
2294
2302
2312
2324
2332
2343
2351
2361
2373
2381
2393
2402