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NEET ]1[ Contd...
NEET Biology - Excretory Products and their Elimination
Instructions:
- Each question has four options (1), (2), (3), (4). Choose the most correct answer.
- Each correct answer carries 4 marks.
- Each wrong answer will deduct 1 marks.
- Unanswered questions will not be penalised.
1.Which set contains only the major nitrogenous wastes mentioned in the chapter?
2.Choose the correct toxicity–water requirement relationship.
3.The term ammonotelism refers to the excretion of:
4.Which group is correctly placed under ammonotelic animals as per the chapter?
5.Ammonia is generally eliminated from ammonotelic animals by:
6.Which statement is accurate for ureotelic animals according to the chapter?
7.In ureotelic animals, ammonia produced by metabolism is first converted into urea mainly in the:
8.Which combination is correct for uricotelic animals?
9.Which animal-excretory structure pair is correctly matched?
10.Protonephridia are primarily concerned with:
11.The human excretory system does NOT include a pair of:
12.The hilum of kidney is best described as:
13.Columns of Bertini are:
14.Nearly how many nephrons are present in each human kidney?
15.Each nephron has two main parts:
16.The glomerulus is formed by the:
17.Malpighian body or renal corpuscle consists of:
18.Which sequence correctly follows the renal tubule pathway?
19.Cortical nephrons are characterized by:
20.The vasa recta is formed as a U-shaped vessel running parallel to:
21.The three main processes of urine formation are:
22.The filtration barrier in glomerular filtration includes all EXCEPT:
23.Podocytes are associated with:
24.Glomerular filtrate is considered protein-free mainly because:
25.A healthy adult's GFR is approximately:
26.JGA is formed by cellular modifications in the:
27.A fall in GFR activates JG cells to release:
28.Nearly what percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed by renal tubules?
29.Which substances are actively reabsorbed from the filtrate as per the chapter?
30.Tubular secretion is important because it helps maintain:
31.Identify the correct statements about nitrogenous wastes.
A. Ammonia requires large water for elimination.
B. Uric acid is least toxic among the major nitrogenous wastes.
C. Urea is excreted as pellet or paste by reptiles and birds.
D. Ammonia is generally excreted as ammonium ions by diffusion.
A. Ammonia requires large water for elimination.
B. Uric acid is least toxic among the major nitrogenous wastes.
C. Urea is excreted as pellet or paste by reptiles and birds.
D. Ammonia is generally excreted as ammonium ions by diffusion.
32.Choose the correct statements about ureotelism.
A. It is found in mammals.
B. Many terrestrial amphibians are included.
C. Marine fishes mainly excrete urea according to the chapter.
D. Ammonia is converted into urea in kidneys before entering blood.
A. It is found in mammals.
B. Many terrestrial amphibians are included.
C. Marine fishes mainly excrete urea according to the chapter.
D. Ammonia is converted into urea in kidneys before entering blood.
33.Which statements about ammonotelic elimination are correct?
A. Ammonia is readily soluble.
B. It is generally excreted through gill surfaces in fish.
C. Kidneys play the major role in ammonia removal.
D. It may diffuse across body surfaces.
A. Ammonia is readily soluble.
B. It is generally excreted through gill surfaces in fish.
C. Kidneys play the major role in ammonia removal.
D. It may diffuse across body surfaces.
34.Select the correct statements about excretory structures.
A. Flame cells occur in Planaria.
B. Green glands occur in prawns.
C. Malpighian tubules occur in cockroaches.
D. Nephridia are the excretory structures of most insects.
A. Flame cells occur in Planaria.
B. Green glands occur in prawns.
C. Malpighian tubules occur in cockroaches.
D. Nephridia are the excretory structures of most insects.
35.Identify the correct statements about protonephridia.
A. They are also called flame cells.
B. They are found in Platyhelminthes and Amphioxus.
C. Their primary concern is bile excretion.
D. They are involved in osmoregulation.
A. They are also called flame cells.
B. They are found in Platyhelminthes and Amphioxus.
C. Their primary concern is bile excretion.
D. They are involved in osmoregulation.
36.Which of the following statements about kidney anatomy are correct?
A. The outer zone is cortex.
B. The inner zone is medulla.
C. Medullary pyramids project into calyces.
D. Renal columns are extensions of medulla between cortical pyramids.
A. The outer zone is cortex.
B. The inner zone is medulla.
C. Medullary pyramids project into calyces.
D. Renal columns are extensions of medulla between cortical pyramids.
37.Choose the correct statements about hilum and renal pelvis.
A. Hilum is on the inner concave surface.
B. Ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter through hilum.
C. Renal pelvis lies inner to hilum.
D. Calyces are projections of renal columns.
A. Hilum is on the inner concave surface.
B. Ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter through hilum.
C. Renal pelvis lies inner to hilum.
D. Calyces are projections of renal columns.
38.Which statements about nephron structure are correct?
A. The renal tubule begins with Bowman's capsule.
B. Bowman's capsule encloses glomerulus.
C. Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule form renal corpuscle.
D. PCT directly opens into renal pelvis without DCT.
A. The renal tubule begins with Bowman's capsule.
B. Bowman's capsule encloses glomerulus.
C. Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule form renal corpuscle.
D. PCT directly opens into renal pelvis without DCT.
39.Regarding nephron location, which statements are correct?
A. Malpighian corpuscle is in cortex.
B. PCT and DCT are cortical.
C. Loop of Henle dips into medulla.
D. Collecting duct is the first part of the renal tubule.
A. Malpighian corpuscle is in cortex.
B. PCT and DCT are cortical.
C. Loop of Henle dips into medulla.
D. Collecting duct is the first part of the renal tubule.
40.Which statements about cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons are correct?
A. Cortical nephrons have short loops.
B. Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops deep into medulla.
C. Vasa recta is absent or reduced in cortical nephrons.
D. Cortical nephrons lack glomeruli.
A. Cortical nephrons have short loops.
B. Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops deep into medulla.
C. Vasa recta is absent or reduced in cortical nephrons.
D. Cortical nephrons lack glomeruli.
41.Which statements correctly describe glomerular filtration?
A. It is the first step in urine formation.
B. It is caused by glomerular capillary blood pressure.
C. It occurs through three layers.
D. It allows plasma proteins to freely enter the Bowman's capsule lumen.
A. It is the first step in urine formation.
B. It is caused by glomerular capillary blood pressure.
C. It occurs through three layers.
D. It allows plasma proteins to freely enter the Bowman's capsule lumen.
42.Select correct statements about GFR and its regulation.
A. GFR means filtrate formed per minute.
B. Healthy GFR is about 125 ml/min.
C. JGA helps regulate GFR.
D. Fall in GFR suppresses renin release from JG cells.
A. GFR means filtrate formed per minute.
B. Healthy GFR is about 125 ml/min.
C. JGA helps regulate GFR.
D. Fall in GFR suppresses renin release from JG cells.
43.Which statements about reabsorption are correct?
A. About 99% filtrate is reabsorbed.
B. Glucose and amino acids are actively reabsorbed.
C. Water reabsorption in initial segments is passive.
D. Nitrogenous wastes are actively reabsorbed as the main useful nutrients.
A. About 99% filtrate is reabsorbed.
B. Glucose and amino acids are actively reabsorbed.
C. Water reabsorption in initial segments is passive.
D. Nitrogenous wastes are actively reabsorbed as the main useful nutrients.
44.Choose the correct statements about PCT.
A. It has simple cuboidal brush-border epithelium.
B. Brush border increases surface area.
C. It reabsorbs nearly all essential nutrients.
D. It is the site of minimum reabsorption in nephron.
A. It has simple cuboidal brush-border epithelium.
B. Brush border increases surface area.
C. It reabsorbs nearly all essential nutrients.
D. It is the site of minimum reabsorption in nephron.
45.Which statements about Henle's loop are correct?
A. Descending limb is permeable to water.
B. Descending limb is almost impermeable to electrolytes.
C. Ascending limb is impermeable to water.
D. Ascending limb concentrates the filtrate as it moves upward.
A. Descending limb is permeable to water.
B. Descending limb is almost impermeable to electrolytes.
C. Ascending limb is impermeable to water.
D. Ascending limb concentrates the filtrate as it moves upward.
46.Select the correct statements about DCT.
A. Na+ and water reabsorption is conditional.
B. HCO3- can be reabsorbed.
C. H+, K+ and NH3 can be secreted.
D. DCT primarily secretes bile pigments into urine.
A. Na+ and water reabsorption is conditional.
B. HCO3- can be reabsorbed.
C. H+, K+ and NH3 can be secreted.
D. DCT primarily secretes bile pigments into urine.
47.Which statements about collecting duct are correct?
A. It extends from cortex to inner medulla.
B. Large water reabsorption here can produce concentrated urine.
C. It allows small urea passage into medullary interstitium.
D. It never participates in pH regulation.
A. It extends from cortex to inner medulla.
B. Large water reabsorption here can produce concentrated urine.
C. It allows small urea passage into medullary interstitium.
D. It never participates in pH regulation.
48.Identify the correct statements about the countercurrent mechanism.
A. Henle's loop has opposite filtrate flow in its two limbs.
B. Vasa recta has opposite blood flow in its two limbs.
C. Proximity of Henle's loop and vasa recta helps maintain medullary gradient.
D. The gradient decreases from inner medulla to cortex according to the stated values.
A. Henle's loop has opposite filtrate flow in its two limbs.
B. Vasa recta has opposite blood flow in its two limbs.
C. Proximity of Henle's loop and vasa recta helps maintain medullary gradient.
D. The gradient decreases from inner medulla to cortex according to the stated values.
49.Which statements about medullary osmolarity are correct?
A. It rises from about 300 mOsmol/L in cortex to 1200 mOsmol/L in inner medulla.
B. It is mainly due to NaCl and urea.
C. It helps water leave the collecting tubule.
D. It is maintained mainly by bilirubin and cholesterol.
A. It rises from about 300 mOsmol/L in cortex to 1200 mOsmol/L in inner medulla.
B. It is mainly due to NaCl and urea.
C. It helps water leave the collecting tubule.
D. It is maintained mainly by bilirubin and cholesterol.
50.Select the correct statements about NaCl and urea in the countercurrent mechanism.
A. NaCl is transported by ascending limb of Henle's loop.
B. NaCl exchanges with descending limb of vasa recta.
C. NaCl returns to interstitium through ascending vasa recta.
D. Urea enters the thin descending limb and leaves through Bowman's capsule.
A. NaCl is transported by ascending limb of Henle's loop.
B. NaCl exchanges with descending limb of vasa recta.
C. NaCl returns to interstitium through ascending vasa recta.
D. Urea enters the thin descending limb and leaves through Bowman's capsule.
51.Which statements about ADH are correct?
A. It is also called vasopressin.
B. It is released from neurohypophysis under hypothalamic stimulation.
C. It facilitates water reabsorption from latter tubule parts.
D. It promotes diuresis by blocking water reabsorption.
A. It is also called vasopressin.
B. It is released from neurohypophysis under hypothalamic stimulation.
C. It facilitates water reabsorption from latter tubule parts.
D. It promotes diuresis by blocking water reabsorption.
52.Choose the correct statements about osmoreceptor feedback.
A. Excessive fluid loss activates osmoreceptors.
B. Increased body-fluid volume suppresses ADH release.
C. Osmoreceptors respond to ionic concentration changes.
D. Osmoreceptors are activated only by urea concentration in dialysing fluid.
A. Excessive fluid loss activates osmoreceptors.
B. Increased body-fluid volume suppresses ADH release.
C. Osmoreceptors respond to ionic concentration changes.
D. Osmoreceptors are activated only by urea concentration in dialysing fluid.
53.Identify the correct RAAS sequence.
54.Which statements about angiotensin II and aldosterone are correct?
A. Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor.
B. Angiotensin II increases glomerular blood pressure and GFR.
C. Aldosterone promotes Na+ and water reabsorption from distal tubules.
D. Aldosterone decreases blood pressure and GFR.
A. Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor.
B. Angiotensin II increases glomerular blood pressure and GFR.
C. Aldosterone promotes Na+ and water reabsorption from distal tubules.
D. Aldosterone decreases blood pressure and GFR.
55.Which statements about ANF are correct?
A. It is released when blood flow to atria increases.
B. It causes vasodilation.
C. It decreases blood pressure.
D. It acts as a check on the renin-angiotensin mechanism by causing vasoconstriction.
A. It is released when blood flow to atria increases.
B. It causes vasodilation.
C. It decreases blood pressure.
D. It acts as a check on the renin-angiotensin mechanism by causing vasoconstriction.
56.Which statements correctly describe micturition?
A. It involves voluntary CNS signal after bladder storage.
B. Stretch receptors on bladder walls send signals to CNS.
C. Motor messages contract bladder smooth muscles.
D. Urethral sphincter contracts simultaneously to release urine.
A. It involves voluntary CNS signal after bladder storage.
B. Stretch receptors on bladder walls send signals to CNS.
C. Motor messages contract bladder smooth muscles.
D. Urethral sphincter contracts simultaneously to release urine.
57.Choose the correct statements about normal urine.
A. Adult daily volume is 1 to 1.5 L.
B. It is slightly acidic with pH about 6.0.
C. Urea excretion averages 25–30 g/day.
D. Its characteristic colour is dark green due to biliverdin.
A. Adult daily volume is 1 to 1.5 L.
B. It is slightly acidic with pH about 6.0.
C. Urea excretion averages 25–30 g/day.
D. Its characteristic colour is dark green due to biliverdin.
58.Which statements about clinical urine findings are correct?
A. Glycosuria means glucose in urine.
B. Ketonuria means ketone bodies in urine.
C. Both may indicate diabetes mellitus.
D. Glycosuria means urea accumulation in blood.
A. Glycosuria means glucose in urine.
B. Ketonuria means ketone bodies in urine.
C. Both may indicate diabetes mellitus.
D. Glycosuria means urea accumulation in blood.
59.Select correct statements about lungs and liver in excretion.
A. Lungs remove CO2 about 200 mL/min.
B. Lungs also eliminate significant water daily.
C. Liver secretes bile with bilirubin and biliverdin.
D. Liver removes wastes only through urine.
A. Lungs remove CO2 about 200 mL/min.
B. Lungs also eliminate significant water daily.
C. Liver secretes bile with bilirubin and biliverdin.
D. Liver removes wastes only through urine.
60.Which statements about skin secretions are correct?
A. Sweat contains NaCl, small urea and lactic acid.
B. Primary function of sweat is cooling.
C. Sebum provides a protective oily covering.
D. Sebum mainly contains glucose and amino acids.
A. Sweat contains NaCl, small urea and lactic acid.
B. Primary function of sweat is cooling.
C. Sebum provides a protective oily covering.
D. Sebum mainly contains glucose and amino acids.
61.Identify correct statements about uremia and hemodialysis.
A. Uremia is accumulation of urea in blood.
B. Uremia can be highly harmful.
C. Hemodialysis can remove urea in such patients.
D. Hemodialysis is used because nitrogenous wastes are higher in dialysing fluid than in blood.
A. Uremia is accumulation of urea in blood.
B. Uremia can be highly harmful.
C. Hemodialysis can remove urea in such patients.
D. Hemodialysis is used because nitrogenous wastes are higher in dialysing fluid than in blood.
62.Which statements about the dialysis unit are correct?
A. It contains a coiled cellophane tube.
B. It is surrounded by dialysing fluid.
C. Dialysing fluid resembles plasma but lacks nitrogenous wastes.
D. Molecule movement across the membrane is independent of concentration gradient.
A. It contains a coiled cellophane tube.
B. It is surrounded by dialysing fluid.
C. Dialysing fluid resembles plasma but lacks nitrogenous wastes.
D. Molecule movement across the membrane is independent of concentration gradient.
63.Which statements about hemodialysis sequence are correct?
A. Blood is drained from a convenient artery.
B. Heparin is added before blood enters the unit.
C. Cleared blood returns through a vein after anti-heparin.
D. The first step is addition of anti-heparin before arterial drainage.
A. Blood is drained from a convenient artery.
B. Heparin is added before blood enters the unit.
C. Cleared blood returns through a vein after anti-heparin.
D. The first step is addition of anti-heparin before arterial drainage.
64.Choose the correct statements about renal disorders.
A. Renal calculi are stones or insoluble masses of crystallised salts.
B. Oxalates are an example mentioned with renal calculi.
C. Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of glomeruli.
D. Uremia means ketone bodies in urine.
A. Renal calculi are stones or insoluble masses of crystallised salts.
B. Oxalates are an example mentioned with renal calculi.
C. Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of glomeruli.
D. Uremia means ketone bodies in urine.
65.Which of the following is INCORRECT about uric acid excretion?
66.Select the wrongly matched pair.
67.Which statement is NOT true about human kidney structure?
68.Which statement is INCORRECT?
69.Which of the following is NOT a cortical part of the nephron according to the chapter?
70.Which option is NOT correctly associated with glomerular filtration?
71.Which statement is INCORRECT about GFR?
72.Which of the following is NOT actively reabsorbed in the example list given in the chapter?
73.Which is NOT secreted into filtrate by tubular cells during urine formation as listed?
74.Which statement is wrong for PCT?
75.Which statement is NOT true about the descending limb of Henle's loop?
76.Which statement is INCORRECT about ascending limb of Henle's loop?
77.Which of the following does NOT belong to DCT function as described?
78.Which is NOT a contributor or participant explicitly stated for the medullary concentration mechanism?
79.Which statement contradicts the chapter's osmolarity gradient?
80.Which of the following is NOT a correct ADH statement?
81.Which event does NOT activate renin release according to the chapter?
82.Which is NOT an effect of ANF?
83.Which statement is INCORRECT about micturition?
84.Which urine feature is NOT stated for normal adult urine in the chapter?
85.Which is NOT part of bile-containing substances listed for liver excretion?
86.Which is NOT stated as a component or role of sweat?
87.Which of the following is NOT correctly matched?
88.Match List-I with List-II.
List-I: A. Ammonotelic B. Ureotelic C. Uricotelic D. Green glands
List-II: i. Prawns ii. Reptiles/birds iii. Mammals iv. Many bony fishes
List-I: A. Ammonotelic B. Ureotelic C. Uricotelic D. Green glands
List-II: i. Prawns ii. Reptiles/birds iii. Mammals iv. Many bony fishes
89.Match the excretory structures with their examples.
A. Protonephridia B. Nephridia C. Malpighian tubules D. Antennal glands
i. Cockroach ii. Prawn iii. Earthworm iv. Planaria
A. Protonephridia B. Nephridia C. Malpighian tubules D. Antennal glands
i. Cockroach ii. Prawn iii. Earthworm iv. Planaria
90.Match kidney structures with descriptions.
A. Hilum B. Renal pelvis C. Capsule D. Columns of Bertini
i. tough outer layer ii. cortical extensions between pyramids iii. notch for ureter/vessels/nerves iv. funnel-shaped space with calyces
A. Hilum B. Renal pelvis C. Capsule D. Columns of Bertini
i. tough outer layer ii. cortical extensions between pyramids iii. notch for ureter/vessels/nerves iv. funnel-shaped space with calyces
91.Match nephron structures with descriptions.
A. Glomerulus B. Bowman's capsule C. Renal corpuscle D. Vasa recta
i. U-shaped vessel parallel to Henle's loop ii. tuft of capillaries iii. double-walled cup iv. glomerulus plus Bowman's capsule
A. Glomerulus B. Bowman's capsule C. Renal corpuscle D. Vasa recta
i. U-shaped vessel parallel to Henle's loop ii. tuft of capillaries iii. double-walled cup iv. glomerulus plus Bowman's capsule
92.Match nephron segments with major features.
A. PCT B. Descending limb C. Ascending limb D. DCT
i. conditional Na+ and water reabsorption ii. brush-border epithelium iii. water permeable, electrolytes nearly impermeable iv. water impermeable, electrolyte transport
A. PCT B. Descending limb C. Ascending limb D. DCT
i. conditional Na+ and water reabsorption ii. brush-border epithelium iii. water permeable, electrolytes nearly impermeable iv. water impermeable, electrolyte transport
93.Match substances with their renal handling in the chapter.
A. Glucose B. H+ C. Urea in collecting duct D. Proteins in filtration
i. generally excluded from filtrate ii. actively reabsorbed iii. secreted into filtrate iv. small amount enters medullary interstitium
A. Glucose B. H+ C. Urea in collecting duct D. Proteins in filtration
i. generally excluded from filtrate ii. actively reabsorbed iii. secreted into filtrate iv. small amount enters medullary interstitium
94.Match regulatory factors with effects.
A. ADH B. Renin C. Angiotensin II D. ANF
i. vasodilation/decreased BP ii. water reabsorption from latter tubule iii. converts angiotensinogen toward angiotensin I iv. powerful vasoconstrictor
A. ADH B. Renin C. Angiotensin II D. ANF
i. vasodilation/decreased BP ii. water reabsorption from latter tubule iii. converts angiotensinogen toward angiotensin I iv. powerful vasoconstrictor
95.Match triggers with responses.
A. Fluid loss B. Fall in GFR C. Increased atrial blood flow D. Bladder stretch
i. micturition signalling ii. ADH release iii. renin release iv. ANF release
A. Fluid loss B. Fall in GFR C. Increased atrial blood flow D. Bladder stretch
i. micturition signalling ii. ADH release iii. renin release iv. ANF release
96.Match clinical terms with meanings.
A. Glycosuria B. Ketonuria C. Uremia D. Glomerulonephritis
i. urea in blood ii. inflammation of glomeruli iii. ketone bodies in urine iv. glucose in urine
A. Glycosuria B. Ketonuria C. Uremia D. Glomerulonephritis
i. urea in blood ii. inflammation of glomeruli iii. ketone bodies in urine iv. glucose in urine
97.Match other excretory organs with eliminated substances/features.
A. Lungs B. Liver C. Sweat glands D. Sebaceous glands
i. sebum with sterols/hydrocarbons/waxes ii. CO2 and water iii. bile pigments/drugs etc. iv. NaCl, urea, lactic acid
A. Lungs B. Liver C. Sweat glands D. Sebaceous glands
i. sebum with sterols/hydrocarbons/waxes ii. CO2 and water iii. bile pigments/drugs etc. iv. NaCl, urea, lactic acid
98.Match hemodialysis items with roles.
A. Heparin B. Cellophane tube C. Dialysing fluid D. Anti-heparin
i. added before blood returns ii. lacks nitrogenous wastes iii. porous membrane route iv. anticoagulant added before dialysis
A. Heparin B. Cellophane tube C. Dialysing fluid D. Anti-heparin
i. added before blood returns ii. lacks nitrogenous wastes iii. porous membrane route iv. anticoagulant added before dialysis
99.Match waste type with water strategy.
A. Ammonia B. Uric acid C. Urea D. Terrestrial adaptation
i. less toxic waste for conservation ii. most toxic, needs large water iii. least toxic, minimum water loss iv. formed in liver from ammonia in ureotelic animals
A. Ammonia B. Uric acid C. Urea D. Terrestrial adaptation
i. less toxic waste for conservation ii. most toxic, needs large water iii. least toxic, minimum water loss iv. formed in liver from ammonia in ureotelic animals
100.Match values with descriptions.
A. 1100–1200 ml/min B. 125 ml/min C. 180 L/day D. 1–1.5 L/day
i. average urine excreted ii. blood filtered by kidneys per minute iii. GFR per minute iv. filtrate per day
A. 1100–1200 ml/min B. 125 ml/min C. 180 L/day D. 1–1.5 L/day
i. average urine excreted ii. blood filtered by kidneys per minute iii. GFR per minute iv. filtrate per day
101.Match osmolarity/quantity values.
A. 300 mOsmol/L B. 1200 mOsmol/L C. four times D. 25–30 g/day
i. urea excreted ii. inner medulla osmolarity iii. cortex osmolarity iv. urine concentration relative to initial filtrate
A. 300 mOsmol/L B. 1200 mOsmol/L C. four times D. 25–30 g/day
i. urea excreted ii. inner medulla osmolarity iii. cortex osmolarity iv. urine concentration relative to initial filtrate
102.Match nephron types/features.
A. Cortical nephron B. Juxtamedullary nephron C. Vasa recta D. Peritubular capillaries
i. long loop deep into medulla ii. short loop, little medulla iii. formed from efferent arteriole around tubule iv. U-shaped vessel parallel to Henle's loop
A. Cortical nephron B. Juxtamedullary nephron C. Vasa recta D. Peritubular capillaries
i. long loop deep into medulla ii. short loop, little medulla iii. formed from efferent arteriole around tubule iv. U-shaped vessel parallel to Henle's loop
103.Match nephron segment with pH/ion role.
A. PCT B. DCT C. Collecting duct D. Tubular secretion in general
i. H+ and K+ secretion helps pH/ionic balance ii. H+ and ammonia secretion plus HCO3- absorption iii. HCO3- reabsorption and H+/K+/NH3 secretion iv. maintains ionic and acid-base balance
A. PCT B. DCT C. Collecting duct D. Tubular secretion in general
i. H+ and K+ secretion helps pH/ionic balance ii. H+ and ammonia secretion plus HCO3- absorption iii. HCO3- reabsorption and H+/K+/NH3 secretion iv. maintains ionic and acid-base balance
104.Match processes with descriptions.
A. Glomerular filtration B. Reabsorption C. Secretion D. Micturition
i. H+/K+/ammonia into filtrate ii. release of urine iii. first step by glomerulus iv. movement of useful substances/water back to blood
A. Glomerular filtration B. Reabsorption C. Secretion D. Micturition
i. H+/K+/ammonia into filtrate ii. release of urine iii. first step by glomerulus iv. movement of useful substances/water back to blood
105.Match diagram figures with main idea based on captions/content.
A. Fig. 16.1 B. Fig. 16.2 C. Fig. 16.3 D. Fig. 16.4
i. Malpighian body ii. Human urinary system iii. L.S. kidney iv. nephron with blood vessels/duct/tubule
A. Fig. 16.1 B. Fig. 16.2 C. Fig. 16.3 D. Fig. 16.4
i. Malpighian body ii. Human urinary system iii. L.S. kidney iv. nephron with blood vessels/duct/tubule
106.Assertion A: Ammonotelic animals generally require availability of water for nitrogenous waste elimination.
Reason R: Ammonia is the most toxic major nitrogenous waste and requires a large amount of water for elimination.
Reason R: Ammonia is the most toxic major nitrogenous waste and requires a large amount of water for elimination.
107.Assertion A: Kidneys play the main role in removing ammonia in ammonotelic fishes.
Reason R: Ammonia is generally excreted by diffusion across gill surfaces as ammonium ions.
Reason R: Ammonia is generally excreted by diffusion across gill surfaces as ammonium ions.
108.Assertion A: Terrestrial animals are generally ureotelic or uricotelic rather than ammonotelic.
Reason R: Terrestrial adaptation required production of less toxic wastes for conserving water.
Reason R: Terrestrial adaptation required production of less toxic wastes for conserving water.
109.Assertion A: Protonephridia are primarily osmoregulatory.
Reason R: They are concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulation.
Reason R: They are concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulation.
110.Assertion A: Glomerular filtration is considered ultrafiltration.
Reason R: Almost all plasma constituents except proteins pass into Bowman's capsule.
Reason R: Almost all plasma constituents except proteins pass into Bowman's capsule.
111.Assertion A: A fall in GFR can lead to renin release from JG cells.
Reason R: JGA is a sensitive region formed at contact between DCT and afferent arteriole.
Reason R: JGA is a sensitive region formed at contact between DCT and afferent arteriole.
112.Assertion A: PCT has high reabsorptive efficiency.
Reason R: It is lined by simple cuboidal brush-border epithelium that increases surface area.
Reason R: It is lined by simple cuboidal brush-border epithelium that increases surface area.
113.Assertion A: Filtrate becomes concentrated in the descending limb of Henle's loop.
Reason R: The descending limb is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes.
Reason R: The descending limb is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes.
114.Assertion A: Filtrate becomes diluted while moving upward in the ascending limb.
Reason R: Ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows electrolyte transport.
Reason R: Ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows electrolyte transport.
115.Assertion A: Medullary interstitium shows increasing osmolarity toward the inner medulla.
Reason R: Countercurrent arrangements involving Henle's loop and vasa recta help maintain the gradient.
Reason R: Countercurrent arrangements involving Henle's loop and vasa recta help maintain the gradient.
116.Assertion A: ADH prevents diuresis.
Reason R: ADH facilitates water reabsorption from latter parts of the tubule.
Reason R: ADH facilitates water reabsorption from latter parts of the tubule.
117.Assertion A: Angiotensin II increases GFR.
Reason R: Angiotensin II is a powerful vasodilator that lowers glomerular blood pressure.
Reason R: Angiotensin II is a powerful vasodilator that lowers glomerular blood pressure.
118.Assertion A: ANF acts as a check on the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
Reason R: ANF causes vasodilation and decreases blood pressure.
Reason R: ANF causes vasodilation and decreases blood pressure.
119.Assertion A: Micturition involves relaxation of the urethral sphincter.
Reason R: CNS motor messages initiate bladder smooth muscle contraction and sphincter relaxation.
Reason R: CNS motor messages initiate bladder smooth muscle contraction and sphincter relaxation.
120.Assertion A: Dialysing fluid can clear nitrogenous wastes from blood.
Reason R: Dialysing fluid has the same composition as plasma including nitrogenous wastes.
Reason R: Dialysing fluid has the same composition as plasma including nitrogenous wastes.
121.In the diagram of a nephron showing afferent and efferent arterioles, which direction pairing is correct?
122.In a labelled renal corpuscle diagram, the structure enclosing the glomerular tuft is the:
123.In the kidney longitudinal section, medullary pyramids project into:
124.If a diagram shows a notch on the inner concave side of kidney where ureter and vessels enter, that label is:
125.In the countercurrent diagram, the osmolarity should generally change from cortex to inner medulla as:
126.A student labels the descending limb as 'impermeable to water and dilutes filtrate'. What is the error?
127.In a process-flow diagram of RAAS, the blank after renin acting on angiotensinogen should be:
128.In a micturition reflex flow chart, the correct order is:
129.In a hemodialysis flow chart, which step should occur before blood enters the dialysing unit?
130.In a dialysis unit diagram, the dialysing fluid should be shown as:
131.In a nephron diagram, the collecting duct should be shown extending:
132.A diagram-based question shows urea entering the medullary interstitium from the collecting tubule. Which function does this support?
133.Choose the option with only correctly matched pairs.
A. Ammonia — most toxic, needs large water
B. Uric acid — least toxic, minimum water loss
C. Urea — pellet/paste excretion in reptiles
D. Ammonotelism — excretion of ammonia
A. Ammonia — most toxic, needs large water
B. Uric acid — least toxic, minimum water loss
C. Urea — pellet/paste excretion in reptiles
D. Ammonotelism — excretion of ammonia
134.Choose the option containing only statements that are true for kidney anatomy.
A. Hilum is on inner concave surface.
B. Renal pelvis is funnel-shaped and has calyces.
C. Capsule is the outer tough layer.
D. Cortex is inner and medulla is outer.
A. Hilum is on inner concave surface.
B. Renal pelvis is funnel-shaped and has calyces.
C. Capsule is the outer tough layer.
D. Cortex is inner and medulla is outer.
135.Choose the fully correct set of nephron statements.
A. Afferent arteriole forms glomerulus.
B. Efferent arteriole carries blood away.
C. Renal corpuscle includes DCT and collecting duct.
D. Vasa recta is U-shaped and parallels Henle's loop.
A. Afferent arteriole forms glomerulus.
B. Efferent arteriole carries blood away.
C. Renal corpuscle includes DCT and collecting duct.
D. Vasa recta is U-shaped and parallels Henle's loop.
136.Choose the set with only correctly placed nephron segment functions.
A. PCT — nearly all essential nutrients and 70–80% electrolytes/water reabsorbed
B. Descending limb — water permeable, electrolyte nearly impermeable
C. Ascending limb — water impermeable, electrolyte transport
D. DCT — no role in pH or ion balance
A. PCT — nearly all essential nutrients and 70–80% electrolytes/water reabsorbed
B. Descending limb — water permeable, electrolyte nearly impermeable
C. Ascending limb — water impermeable, electrolyte transport
D. DCT — no role in pH or ion balance
137.Choose the correct regulatory chain(s).
A. Fluid loss → ADH → water reabsorption
B. Fall in GFR → renin → angiotensin II → vasoconstriction
C. Increased atrial blood flow → ANF → vasodilation
D. Increased body-fluid volume → more ADH release
A. Fluid loss → ADH → water reabsorption
B. Fall in GFR → renin → angiotensin II → vasoconstriction
C. Increased atrial blood flow → ANF → vasodilation
D. Increased body-fluid volume → more ADH release
138.Choose the option with all correct clinical associations.
A. Glycosuria — glucose in urine
B. Ketonuria — ketone bodies in urine
C. Uremia — urea accumulation in blood
D. Renal calculi — crystallised salt mass in kidney
A. Glycosuria — glucose in urine
B. Ketonuria — ketone bodies in urine
C. Uremia — urea accumulation in blood
D. Renal calculi — crystallised salt mass in kidney
139.Choose the option with only correct dialysis-related statements.
A. Blood is taken from an artery.
B. Heparin is added before the dialysing unit.
C. Dialysing fluid lacks nitrogenous wastes.
D. Cleared blood returns through a vein after anti-heparin.
A. Blood is taken from an artery.
B. Heparin is added before the dialysing unit.
C. Dialysing fluid lacks nitrogenous wastes.
D. Cleared blood returns through a vein after anti-heparin.
140.A desert reptile must conserve water while removing nitrogenous waste. Based on the chapter, the most suitable waste form is:
141.If a patient's ADH release is strongly suppressed due to increased body-fluid volume, the immediate renal tendency would be:
142.A mutation damages brush border formation in PCT cells. Which function would be most directly affected based on the chapter?
143.If vasa recta were absent or highly reduced, the nephron type most consistent with that observation would be:
144.A dialysing fluid accidentally contains high urea concentration. Based on the chapter's principle, urea removal from blood would be reduced because:
145.A student says, 'High urine concentration is produced mainly by liver bile pigments in the medulla.' What is the best correction?
146.A patient has inflammation of glomeruli. Which named condition from the chapter fits best?
147.Which statement correctly uses the chapter's opening idea on excretion?
148.Which combined statement is correct?
A. Some urea may be retained in kidney matrix to maintain desired osmolarity.
B. Henle's loop plays a significant role in maintaining high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid.
C. Mammals can produce concentrated urine.
D. Urea retention always means kidney failure.
A. Some urea may be retained in kidney matrix to maintain desired osmolarity.
B. Henle's loop plays a significant role in maintaining high osmolarity of medullary interstitial fluid.
C. Mammals can produce concentrated urine.
D. Urea retention always means kidney failure.
149.Which option best combines kidney position and adult kidney size?
150.Which set contains only extra excretory points stated in the chapter?
Answer Key
11
22
33
42
52
62
72
81
92
102
113
122
131
143
152
162
172
181
192
202
211
224
231
242
252
262
273
284
291
302
311
322
331
341
351
361
371
381
391
401
411
421
431
441
451
461
471
481
491
501
511
521
531
541
551
561
571
581
591
601
611
621
631
641
654
664
674
683
694
703
714
724
734
744
754
764
774
784
794
804
814
824
834
844
854
864
874
881
891
901
911
921
931
941
951
961
971
981
991
1001
1011
1021
1031
1041
1051
1061
1074
1081
1091
1101
1112
1121
1131
1141
1151
1161
1173
1181
1191
1203
1211
1222
1231
1242
1252
1261
1272
1281
1291
1301
1311
1321
1331
1341
1351
1361
1371
1381
1391
1402
1411
1421
1432
1441
1451
1462
1472
1481
1491
1501