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NEET ]1[ Contd...
NEET Biodiversity
Instructions:
- Each question has four options (1), (2), (3), (4). Choose the most correct answer.
- Each correct answer carries 4 marks.
- Each wrong answer will deduct 1 marks.
- Unanswered questions will not be penalised.
1.Which statement best represents the PDF meaning of biodiversity?
2.Identify the correct statements. A. Biodiversity is restricted to species-level diversity. B. Edward Wilson popularised the term biodiversity. C. Genetic diversity may occur over the distributional range of a single species. D. Ecological diversity is ecosystem-level diversity.
3.Match List-I with List-II. (a) Edward Wilson (b) Robert May (c) Alexander von Humboldt (d) Paul Ehrlich
4.Match the level of biodiversity with its correct example. (a) Genetic diversity, (b) Species diversity, (c) Ecological diversity
5.Choose the correct set of statements about biodiversity levels. A. Genetic diversity occurs within a species. B. Species diversity is measured at species level. C. Ecological diversity is diversity at ecosystem level. D. Ecological diversity means number of genes in a population.
6.Which statement is incorrect with respect to the three important types of biodiversity?
7.Which of the following command words would make a question most dangerous in this subtopic?
8.Which of the following is NOT an example of genetic diversity from the PDF?
9.Which pair is incorrectly matched?
10.In the PDF, the medicinal plant used to illustrate genetic diversity is:
11.A student says: 'Since Rauwolfia is a medicinal plant, the example must be species diversity.' This thinking is:
12.Choose the correct statements about Indian biodiversity examples. A. Rice strains and mango varieties show genetic diversity. B. Western Ghats vs Eastern Ghats amphibians show species diversity. C. India’s deserts and mangroves show ecological diversity. D. Norway is given as having greater ecosystem diversity than India.
13.According to the PDF, biodiversity accumulated over millions of years but may be lost in:
14.Assertion (A): Biodiversity conservation has become a vital issue of international concern.
Reason (R): People increasingly realise biodiversity is critical for human survival and well-being.
Reason (R): People increasingly realise biodiversity is critical for human survival and well-being.
15.According to IUCN (2004), the number of described plant and animal species was:
16.Which set correctly orders the estimates/numbers from the PDF?
17.Given below are statements about global estimates. A. Described plant and animal species are slightly more than 1.5 million. B. Robert May estimated about 7 million species globally. C. Extreme estimates range from 20 to 50 million. D. All estimates include exact prokaryotic species numbers.
18.Why is the total number of species on Earth difficult to state accurately?
19.Which statement correctly describes species inventory completeness?
20.Assertion (A): Species inventories are often more complete in temperate countries.
Reason (R): A large proportion of species still waiting to be discovered occur in the tropics.
Reason (R): A large proportion of species still waiting to be discovered occur in the tropics.
21.The method used by biologists to estimate total global species diversity involves:
22.Robert May’s conservative estimate of global species diversity is about:
23.Match number with concept. (a) 7 million (b) 8.1% (c) 34 (d) 100–1000 times
24.More than 70% of all recorded species are:
25.Which statements about taxonomic proportions are correct? A. Animals form more than 70% of recorded species. B. Plants form no more than 22%. C. Insects form more than 70% of animal species. D. Fungi are fewer than mammals alone.
26.Among animals, the most species-rich taxonomic group is:
27.Figure 13.1 is best described as representing:
28.Which of the following is NOT included in the species estimates shown for Figure 13.1 and related discussion?
29.Which statements correctly explain why microbial diversity is uncertain? A. Conventional taxonomy is not suitable for many microbes. B. Many microbial species cannot be cultured under lab conditions. C. Molecular criteria may reveal millions of prokaryotic species. D. Prokaryotes are already fully counted in Figure 13.1.
30.Assertion (A): Prokaryotic diversity is excluded from the chapter’s global species estimates.
Reason (R): Conventional taxonomy is unsuitable for many microbes and many are unculturable.
Reason (R): Conventional taxonomy is unsuitable for many microbes and many are unculturable.
31.Why are prokaryotic species numbers uncertain?
32.Choose the correct statements about India’s biodiversity. A. India has 2.4% of world land area. B. India has 8.1% of global species diversity. C. India is one of the 12 mega diversity countries. D. India has exactly equal numbers of plant and animal species recorded.
33.India is described as one of the:
34.Which combination is true about undiscovered species? A. Only 22% of total species may have been recorded if May’s estimate is accepted. B. India may still have >1,00,000 undiscovered plant species. C. India may still have >3,00,000 undiscovered animal species. D. The inventory problem is already completely solved.
35.The phrase 'Nature’s biological library is burning before we catalogued the titles' warns that:
36.The most well-known pattern of biodiversity described in the PDF is:
37.The diversity pattern from equator to poles is best summarised as:
38.Select the correct statements on latitudinal gradients. A. Diversity generally decreases from equator to poles. B. Tropics are 23.5° N to 23.5° S. C. Tropics harbour more species than temperate/polar areas with very few exceptions. D. Greenland has more bird species than Colombia.
39.The tropical latitudinal range stated in the PDF is:
40.Which statement is correct about tropics?
41.Which statement uses the PDF wording most safely?
42.Assertion (A): Tropics support more species than temperate regions in general.
Reason (R): Tropical environments are less seasonal and more predictable, promoting niche specialisation.
Reason (R): Tropical environments are less seasonal and more predictable, promoting niche specialisation.
43.Bird species numbers in the PDF correctly match as:
44.Which option contains only examples used for latitudinal gradient, not species-area relationship?
45.Match List-I with List-II. (a) Colombia (b) New York (c) Greenland (d) India
46.A student marks 'Ecuador forest has 10 times as many bird species as Midwest USA'. What is the error?
47.The Amazonian rain forest is described as having:
48.Identify the correct statements about Amazon biodiversity. A. It is largely tropical. B. It has the greatest biodiversity on Earth. C. It has more than 40,000 plant species. D. It has fewer than 100 invertebrate species.
49.Which Amazon biodiversity figure is correctly matched?
50.Scientists estimate that in Amazonian rain forests at least ______ insect species may still await discovery.
51.Which is NOT among the PDF hypotheses explaining greater tropical diversity?
52.Assertion (A): Tropics may have greater diversity because speciation is generally a function of time.
Reason (R): Tropical latitudes remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years compared with temperate regions affected by glaciations.
Reason (R): Tropical latitudes remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years compared with temperate regions affected by glaciations.
53.Which set contains only hypotheses for high tropical species richness?
54.Choose the correct statements about the hypotheses for tropical richness. A. Less glaciation gave tropics long evolutionary time. B. Constant environments promote niche specialisation. C. More solar energy contributes to higher productivity. D. Temperate regions are more constant than tropics.
55.Which of the following is incorrect about tropical diversity?
56.Which chain is closest to the PDF logic?
57.The naturalist associated with the species-area observation is:
58.Which statement is incorrect about the species-area relationship?
59.Select the correct statements. A. Humboldt worked in South American jungles. B. Species richness increases with area up to a limit. C. The log-scale relationship is curved. D. Z is regression coefficient.
60.For the species-area relationship, choose the correct statements. A. Humboldt observed richness increasing with area up to a limit. B. The normal graph is a rectangular hyperbola. C. The log graph is a straight line. D. Z is the Y-intercept.
61.For a wide variety of taxa, the species-area relationship is:
62.Based on the species-area graph, which transition is correct?
63.On a logarithmic scale, the species-area relationship becomes:
64.A graph shows log S on Y-axis and log A on X-axis as a straight line. The slope represents:
65.Assertion (A): On a log scale, the species-area relationship becomes linear.
Reason (R): The relationship is represented as log S = log C + Z log A.
Reason (R): The relationship is represented as log S = log C + Z log A.
66.If log S is plotted against log A, which label belongs to the Y-axis variable in the equation?
67.Which pair is correctly matched?
68.Select the correct statements about Z values. A. For many taxa/regions, Z is 0.1–0.2. B. For large areas like continents, Z is 0.6–1.2. C. Frugivorous birds and mammals across tropical continents show Z = 1.15. D. Z is always exactly 0.01.
69.Which example set is used to show similar slopes of species-area regression lines?
70.The PDF’s safest conclusion about species richness and ecosystem well-being is:
71.Assertion (A): Species-rich communities are generally considered more stable.
Reason (R): Tilman found plots with more species had less year-to-year variation in total biomass.
Reason (R): Tilman found plots with more species had less year-to-year variation in total biomass.
72.Which is NOT listed as an attribute of a stable community in the PDF?
73.Match the stability attribute with the correct description.
74.Which question would most directly test stability definition from the PDF?
75.Which statements about stable communities are correct? A. They show too much year-to-year variation in productivity. B. They resist or recover from disturbances. C. They resist alien invasions. D. Tilman’s plots with more species had less biomass variation.
76.Choose the correct statements. A. Stability includes resistance to alien invasion. B. Tilman found greater variation in biomass with more species. C. Increased diversity can contribute to higher productivity. D. Rich biodiversity is imperative for human survival.
77.In the rivet popper hypothesis, the airplane and rivets respectively represent:
78.Choose the correct statements about the rivet popper hypothesis. A. Airplane represents ecosystem. B. Rivets represent species. C. Removing wing rivets is like losing key species. D. Initial species loss always immediately crashes the ecosystem.
79.A diagram represents an airplane as an ecosystem and rivets as species. Which removal is most dangerous?
80.According to the rivet popper analogy, initial loss of a few species may:
81.Loss of 'rivets on the wings' in the analogy refers to loss of:
82.Assertion (A): Loss of a key species may be more serious than loss of a few less critical species.
Reason (R): In the rivet analogy, loss of rivets on airplane wings is more dangerous than loss of some rivets on seats or windows.
Reason (R): In the rivet analogy, loss of rivets on airplane wings is more dangerous than loss of some rivets on seats or windows.
83.Select the correct statements about loss of biodiversity. A. Human activities are linked to rapid decline. B. Pacific Island colonisation led to >2,000 native bird extinctions. C. IUCN 2004 documented 784 extinctions in 500 years. D. Extinctions across taxa are completely random.
84.Which statement is incorrect about extinction data?
85.The breakup of the 784 extinctions is:
86.Which set contains only recent extinction examples from the PDF?
87.A table lists: Dodo-Mauritius, Quagga-Africa, Thylacine-Australia, Steller’s Sea Cow-Russia. What is the best interpretation?
88.Assertion (A): Amphibians appear especially vulnerable to extinction.
Reason (R): Extinctions across taxa are not random.
Reason (R): Extinctions across taxa are not random.
89.More than how many species worldwide are facing threat of extinction?
90.Threatened species percentages are correctly matched in which option?
91.Which is a silly-error trap in the threat-percentage data?
92.Which statements about extinction-threat percentages are correct? A. Birds 12%. B. Mammals 23%. C. Amphibians 32%. D. Gymnosperms 13%.
93.Choose the correct statements about the Sixth Extinction. A. Five earlier mass extinctions are known from fossil records. B. The present extinction differs mainly in its faster rate. C. Current rates are 100–1000 times faster than pre-human times. D. Humans are not responsible for faster rates.
94.The present Sixth Extinction differs mainly because:
95.If current trends continue, nearly what fraction of all species might be wiped out within the next 100 years?
96.Which is NOT a general consequence of biodiversity loss listed in the PDF?
97.Select the correct consequences of regional biodiversity loss. A. Decline in plant production. B. Lowered resistance to perturbations like drought. C. Increased variability in water use. D. Complete elimination of all ecosystem processes immediately.
98.Select the correctly listed consequences of biodiversity loss. A. Decline in plant production. B. Lowered drought resistance. C. Increased variability in water use. D. Guaranteed stability of pest cycles.
99.Which statement cannot be inferred from the PDF?
100.Assertion (A): Species loss may increase variability in ecosystem processes.
Reason (R): Plant productivity, water use and pest/disease cycles are listed as processes affected by biodiversity loss.
Reason (R): Plant productivity, water use and pest/disease cycles are listed as processes affected by biodiversity loss.
101.Which option is NOT part of the Evil Quartet as described?
102.Choose the correct statements about habitat loss. A. It is the most important extinction driver. B. Tropical rain forests declined from >14% to <=6% of land surface. C. Amazon is cut for soya and beef cattle grasslands. D. Pollution cannot degrade habitats.
103.Which statement best reflects the rapid loss of tropical rain forests described in the PDF?
104.Match the cause with its example. (a) Habitat loss, (b) Over-exploitation, (c) Alien invasion, (d) Co-extinction
105.Match extinction/loss cause with example. (a) Habitat loss (b) Overexploitation (c) Alien invasion (d) Co-extinction
106.Assertion (A): Fragmentation can reduce populations even without complete habitat loss.
Reason (R): Large habitats broken into small fragments badly affect large-territory mammals/birds and migratory animals.
Reason (R): Large habitats broken into small fragments badly affect large-territory mammals/birds and migratory animals.
107.Assertion (A): Overexploitation can cause species extinction.
Reason (R): Steller’s sea cow and passenger pigeon are given as extinctions due to overexploitation by humans.
Reason (R): Steller’s sea cow and passenger pigeon are given as extinctions due to overexploitation by humans.
108.Identify the wrongly matched pair.
109.Present overharvesting threatens many populations of:
110.Select correct statements about alien species. A. Some alien species introduced intentionally or unintentionally become invasive. B. Nile perch caused extinction of >200 cichlid species. C. Clarias gariepinus threatens indigenous catfishes. D. Lantana is listed as a recent extinct animal.
111.Assertion (A): Alien species invasions can eliminate indigenous species.
Reason (R): Nile perch introduction led to extinction of more than 200 cichlid fish species in Lake Victoria.
Reason (R): Nile perch introduction led to extinction of more than 200 cichlid fish species in Lake Victoria.
112.A process arrow shows: Alien species introduced → becomes invasive → indigenous species decline/extinction. The best example is:
113.Which set contains only invasive weed species named in the PDF?
114.Which statements about co-extinction are correct? A. Obligately associated species may vanish together. B. Host fish extinction can eliminate unique parasites. C. Plant-pollinator mutualism can show linked extinctions. D. Co-extinction is the same as species-area relationship.
115.Match the term with its correct meaning. (a) Endemism (b) Bioprospecting (c) Co-extinction (d) In situ
116.A process arrow shows: Species X extinct → obligate associate of X extinct. This represents:
117.Choose correct statements about utilitarian reasons. A. Narrowly utilitarian arguments include direct economic benefits. B. Broadly utilitarian arguments include ecosystem services. C. More than 25% of drugs sold worldwide are plant-derived. D. Ethical argument says only economically useful species matter.
118.Match conservation category with example. (a) Narrow utilitarian (b) Broad utilitarian (c) Ethical (d) Ex situ
119.Which option is the odd one out with respect to narrowly utilitarian benefits?
120.Which is NOT a narrowly utilitarian benefit listed in the PDF?
121.How many plant species contribute to traditional medicines used by native peoples?
122.Select correct statements about ecosystem services. A. Amazon forest produces an estimated 20% of atmospheric oxygen. B. Pollination is supported by bees, bumblebees, birds and bats. C. Aesthetic pleasure is an intangible benefit. D. Pollination is not needed for fruits or seeds.
123.Assertion (A): Ethical arguments for conservation are not based only on economic value.
Reason (R): Every species has intrinsic value even if not currently economically useful.
Reason (R): Every species has intrinsic value even if not currently economically useful.
124.Which pair is wrongly matched?
125.Which statement is NOT true about in situ conservation?
126.Assertion (A): Ex situ conservation can be urgent for threatened organisms.
Reason (R): Threatened organisms face very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future.
Reason (R): Threatened organisms face very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future.
127.Assertion (A): Hotspots are selected for maximum protection.
Reason (R): They have very high species richness, high endemism, and often accelerated habitat loss.
Reason (R): They have very high species richness, high endemism, and often accelerated habitat loss.
128.Choose correct statements about hotspots. A. Hotspots have high species richness and endemism. B. Initially 25 were identified and later 9 were added. C. They cover less than 2% of Earth’s land area collectively. D. They are always regions with no habitat loss.
129.A table of hotspot criteria has two blanks: high species richness and high ______.
130.Which set contains the three hotspots covering India’s high biodiversity regions?
131.All hotspots together cover less than ______ of Earth’s land area and strict protection could reduce ongoing mass extinctions by almost ______.
132.Which option correctly separates in situ and ex situ examples?
133.Select correct statements about Indian conservation examples. A. India has biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries. B. Sacred groves are culturally protected forest tracts. C. Sacred groves occur in Khasi-Jaintia and Aravalli regions. D. Lake Victoria is listed as an Indian sacred grove.
134.In a conservation table, which row is correctly classified?
135.The summary statement that slightly differs from the main text is:
136.Match protected area/tradition with detail. (a) Biosphere reserves in India (b) National parks in India (c) Wildlife sanctuaries in main text (d) Sacred groves in Meghalaya
137.Which is NOT a PDF-listed ex situ method or facility?
138.Which location is NOT listed for sacred groves in the PDF?
139.Which statement is incorrect about ex situ conservation?
140.Which set contains only ex situ facilities mentioned in the PDF?
141.Which statement is correct about animals extinct in the wild?
142.Which advanced ex situ method is correctly matched?
143.Choose correct statements about advanced ex situ methods. A. Gametes can be cryopreserved. B. Eggs can be fertilised in vitro. C. Plants can be propagated by tissue culture. D. Seed banks store commercially important plant genetic strains.
144.Match advanced ex situ method with biological material/process. (a) Cryopreservation (b) In vitro fertilisation (c) Tissue culture (d) Seed bank
145.Biodiversity conservation is a collective responsibility because biodiversity:
146.Which statement is incorrect about conservation events?
147.The summary states that life originated on Earth nearly:
148.According to the summary, nearly how many species may still await discovery and naming on Earth?
149.The summary adds that of the more than 15,500 species facing extinction threat, more than how many are from India?
150.Which set includes indirect ecosystem services listed in the summary in addition to pollination?
Answer Key
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21
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42
51
64
72
84
93
102
112
121
131
141
151
162
171
183
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212
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284
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491
503
514
521
531
541
554
562
573
584
591
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611
622
632
643
651
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673
681
691
702
711
724
732
742
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772
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791
802
811
821
831
844
851
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871
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892
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921
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953
964
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1014
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1032
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1051
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1071
1084
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1121
1131
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1194
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1231
1244
1254
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1291
1301
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1321
1331
1341
1351
1361
1374
1384
1394
1401
1412
1421
1431
1441
1451
1464
1472
1481
1492
1501