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NEET ]1[ Contd...
NEET UG Ecosystem
Instructions:
- Each question has four options (1), (2), (3), (4). Choose the most correct answer.
- Each correct answer carries 4 marks.
- Each wrong answer will deduct 1 marks.
- Unanswered questions will not be penalised.
1.Which option correctly combines the PDF description of an ecosystem?
2.Which pair contains only terrestrial ecosystem examples from the PDF?
3.Which of the following is a man-made ecosystem according to the chapter?
4.Which statement correctly links ecosystem structure and species composition?
5.The vertical distribution of species occupying different levels is called:
6.In forest stratification, the bottom layers are generally occupied by:
7.Which set best represents the functional view used to study an ecosystem in the chapter?
8.Which statement is correct for the pond example described in the PDF?
9.Which organisms are mentioned as decomposers in the pond ecosystem?
10.Which option correctly describes repeated ecosystem functioning in the pond example?
11.The constant input required for any ecosystem to function and sustain is:
12.Productivity is best defined as:
13.Primary production is expressed in terms of:
14.Gross primary productivity is:
15.In the equation GPP - R = NPP, R represents:
16.Net primary productivity is available for consumption by:
17.Secondary productivity is the rate of formation of new organic matter by:
18.Approximate annual NPP of the whole biosphere given in the chapter is:
19.Earthworm is called farmer's friend mainly because it:
20.The raw material for decomposition is called:
21.Which sequence contains only decomposition steps mentioned in the PDF?
22.During leaching, water-soluble inorganic nutrients:
23.Catabolism in decomposition is brought about mainly by:
24.Humus is described as:
25.The rate of decomposition is slower if detritus is rich in:
26.Except for which ecosystem is the sun described as the only energy source for ecosystems on Earth?
27.Less than what percentage of incident solar radiation is PAR?
28.Plants capture only what range of PAR?
29.A simple grazing food chain shown in the chapter is:
30.The first trophic level is occupied by:
31.Identify the correct statements about productivity units.
A. Productivity is a rate.
B. It may be expressed as gm^-2 yr^-1.
C. It may be expressed as kcal m^-2 yr^-1.
D. It is identical to species composition.
A. Productivity is a rate.
B. It may be expressed as gm^-2 yr^-1.
C. It may be expressed as kcal m^-2 yr^-1.
D. It is identical to species composition.
32.Choose the correct statements about primary productivity.
A. It is divided into GPP and NPP.
B. GPP is rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis.
C. NPP is GPP plus respiration losses.
D. A considerable amount of GPP is used in respiration.
A. It is divided into GPP and NPP.
B. GPP is rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis.
C. NPP is GPP plus respiration losses.
D. A considerable amount of GPP is used in respiration.
33.Which statements correctly compare NPP and secondary productivity?
A. NPP is available biomass for heterotrophs.
B. Secondary productivity is formation of new organic matter by consumers.
C. NPP is formed only by decomposers.
D. Secondary productivity is the same as GPP.
A. NPP is available biomass for heterotrophs.
B. Secondary productivity is formation of new organic matter by consumers.
C. NPP is formed only by decomposers.
D. Secondary productivity is the same as GPP.
34.Primary productivity depends on which of the following?
A. Plant species inhabiting the area
B. Environmental factors
C. Availability of nutrients
D. Photosynthetic capacity of plants
A. Plant species inhabiting the area
B. Environmental factors
C. Availability of nutrients
D. Photosynthetic capacity of plants
35.Select the correct statements about biosphere and ocean productivity.
A. Whole biosphere annual NPP is approximately 170 billion tons dry weight.
B. Oceans occupy about 70 percent of the surface.
C. Ocean productivity is about 55 billion tons.
D. Oceans produce all 170 billion tons of organic matter.
A. Whole biosphere annual NPP is approximately 170 billion tons dry weight.
B. Oceans occupy about 70 percent of the surface.
C. Ocean productivity is about 55 billion tons.
D. Oceans produce all 170 billion tons of organic matter.
36.Consider decomposition.
A. Decomposers break complex organic matter into inorganic substances.
B. Carbon dioxide, water and nutrients are products mentioned in the PDF.
C. Decomposition is conversion of inorganic material into organic material by autotrophs.
D. Detritus is raw material for decomposition.
A. Decomposers break complex organic matter into inorganic substances.
B. Carbon dioxide, water and nutrients are products mentioned in the PDF.
C. Decomposition is conversion of inorganic material into organic material by autotrophs.
D. Detritus is raw material for decomposition.
37.Which statements about detritus are correct?
A. Leaves, bark and flowers can form detritus.
B. Dead remains of animals can form detritus.
C. Fecal matter is excluded from detritus.
D. Detritus is raw material for decomposition.
A. Leaves, bark and flowers can form detritus.
B. Dead remains of animals can form detritus.
C. Fecal matter is excluded from detritus.
D. Detritus is raw material for decomposition.
38.Which statements about fragmentation and leaching are correct?
A. Detritivores break detritus into smaller particles.
B. Earthworm is an example of detritivore.
C. Leaching keeps all inorganic nutrients immediately available at soil surface.
D. Water-soluble inorganic nutrients may precipitate as unavailable salts.
A. Detritivores break detritus into smaller particles.
B. Earthworm is an example of detritivore.
C. Leaching keeps all inorganic nutrients immediately available at soil surface.
D. Water-soluble inorganic nutrients may precipitate as unavailable salts.
39.Choose the correct statements about decomposition steps.
A. Fragmentation, leaching and catabolism can operate simultaneously.
B. Humification occurs during decomposition in soil.
C. Mineralisation occurs during decomposition in soil.
D. The steps must occur strictly one after another with no overlap.
A. Fragmentation, leaching and catabolism can operate simultaneously.
B. Humification occurs during decomposition in soil.
C. Mineralisation occurs during decomposition in soil.
D. The steps must occur strictly one after another with no overlap.
40.Identify correct statements about humus.
A. It is dark coloured and amorphous.
B. It is highly resistant to microbial action.
C. It decomposes at an extremely slow rate.
D. It is not a reservoir of nutrients because it is colloidal.
A. It is dark coloured and amorphous.
B. It is highly resistant to microbial action.
C. It decomposes at an extremely slow rate.
D. It is not a reservoir of nutrients because it is colloidal.
41.Which statements about mineralisation are correct?
A. Humus is further degraded by some microbes.
B. Inorganic nutrients are released.
C. Mineralisation is the initial breakdown of detritus by earthworm.
D. Mineralisation is unrelated to decomposition.
A. Humus is further degraded by some microbes.
B. Inorganic nutrients are released.
C. Mineralisation is the initial breakdown of detritus by earthworm.
D. Mineralisation is unrelated to decomposition.
42.Rate and nature of decomposition are described by which correct statements?
A. It is largely an oxygen-requiring process.
B. It is controlled by chemical composition of detritus.
C. It is controlled by climatic factors.
D. Temperature and soil moisture regulate it through effects on soil microbes.
A. It is largely an oxygen-requiring process.
B. It is controlled by chemical composition of detritus.
C. It is controlled by climatic factors.
D. Temperature and soil moisture regulate it through effects on soil microbes.
43.Identify the set of conditions that favours or inhibits decomposition correctly.
A. Nitrogen-rich detritus decomposes quicker.
B. Water-soluble substances like sugars favour quicker decomposition.
C. Warm and moist environment favours decomposition.
D. Anaerobiosis favours rapid decomposition.
A. Nitrogen-rich detritus decomposes quicker.
B. Water-soluble substances like sugars favour quicker decomposition.
C. Warm and moist environment favours decomposition.
D. Anaerobiosis favours rapid decomposition.
44.Select the correct statements about energy source and PAR.
A. Sun is the only source of energy for all ecosystems without exception.
B. Deep sea hydrothermal ecosystem is the exception stated in the PDF.
C. Less than 50 percent of incident solar radiation is PAR.
D. Plants capture only 2-10 percent of PAR.
A. Sun is the only source of energy for all ecosystems without exception.
B. Deep sea hydrothermal ecosystem is the exception stated in the PDF.
C. Less than 50 percent of incident solar radiation is PAR.
D. Plants capture only 2-10 percent of PAR.
45.Which statements about autotrophs are correct?
A. Plants and photosynthetic bacteria fix radiant energy.
B. They make food from simple inorganic materials.
C. All autotrophs are decomposers in the detritus food chain.
D. Green plants in ecosystem are called producers.
A. Plants and photosynthetic bacteria fix radiant energy.
B. They make food from simple inorganic materials.
C. All autotrophs are decomposers in the detritus food chain.
D. Green plants in ecosystem are called producers.
46.Which statements about energy flow are correct?
A. It is unidirectional from sun to producers and then consumers.
B. All organisms depend on producers directly or indirectly.
C. Energy trapped in organisms remains in them forever.
D. Ecosystems need constant energy supply to counter increasing disorderliness.
A. It is unidirectional from sun to producers and then consumers.
B. All organisms depend on producers directly or indirectly.
C. Energy trapped in organisms remains in them forever.
D. Ecosystems need constant energy supply to counter increasing disorderliness.
47.Choose the correct producer examples.
A. Herbaceous and woody plants are major terrestrial producers.
B. Phytoplankton are aquatic producers.
C. Algae and higher plants are aquatic producers.
D. Zooplankton are listed as major aquatic producers in the chapter.
A. Herbaceous and woody plants are major terrestrial producers.
B. Phytoplankton are aquatic producers.
C. Algae and higher plants are aquatic producers.
D. Zooplankton are listed as major aquatic producers in the chapter.
48.Food chains/webs form because:
A. They begin from producers.
B. An animal may feed on a plant or another animal.
C. An organism may become food for another.
D. Interdependency links organisms.
A. They begin from producers.
B. An animal may feed on a plant or another animal.
C. An organism may become food for another.
D. Interdependency links organisms.
49.Which statements about consumers are correct?
A. All animals depend on plants directly or indirectly for food.
B. They are called heterotrophs.
C. Primary consumers feed on producers.
D. Secondary consumers eat animals that eat plants or plant produce.
A. All animals depend on plants directly or indirectly for food.
B. They are called heterotrophs.
C. Primary consumers feed on producers.
D. Secondary consumers eat animals that eat plants or plant produce.
50.Choose correct statements about herbivores and carnivores.
A. Primary consumers are herbivores.
B. Insects, birds and mammals are common terrestrial herbivores mentioned.
C. Molluscs are aquatic herbivores mentioned.
D. Consumers feeding on herbivores are primary carnivores though secondary consumers.
A. Primary consumers are herbivores.
B. Insects, birds and mammals are common terrestrial herbivores mentioned.
C. Molluscs are aquatic herbivores mentioned.
D. Consumers feeding on herbivores are primary carnivores though secondary consumers.
51.Which statements about carnivore levels are correct?
A. Animals that feed on primary carnivores are secondary carnivores.
B. Primary carnivores are also secondary consumers.
C. Tertiary consumers can occur.
D. Primary carnivores feed directly on producers.
A. Animals that feed on primary carnivores are secondary carnivores.
B. Primary carnivores are also secondary consumers.
C. Tertiary consumers can occur.
D. Primary carnivores feed directly on producers.
52.For the chain Grass -> Goat -> Man, identify correct statements.
A. Grass is producer.
B. Goat is primary consumer.
C. Man is secondary consumer in this chain.
D. Goat is secondary carnivore.
A. Grass is producer.
B. Goat is primary consumer.
C. Man is secondary consumer in this chain.
D. Goat is secondary carnivore.
53.Which statements about DFC are correct?
A. It begins with dead organic matter.
B. It is made up of decomposers mainly fungi and bacteria.
C. It begins directly with living green plants.
D. Decomposers are heterotrophic organisms.
A. It begins with dead organic matter.
B. It is made up of decomposers mainly fungi and bacteria.
C. It begins directly with living green plants.
D. Decomposers are heterotrophic organisms.
54.Which statements about saprotrophs are correct?
A. Decomposers are also known as saprotrophs.
B. They meet energy/nutrient needs by degrading detritus.
C. They secrete digestive enzymes.
D. They absorb simple inorganic materials produced after breakdown.
A. Decomposers are also known as saprotrophs.
B. They meet energy/nutrient needs by degrading detritus.
C. They secrete digestive enzymes.
D. They absorb simple inorganic materials produced after breakdown.
55.Identify correct statements about energy conduits.
A. Aquatic ecosystem: GFC is the major conduit.
B. Terrestrial ecosystem: larger energy fraction flows through DFC than GFC.
C. DFC and GFC can never be connected.
D. Some organisms of DFC may be prey to GFC animals.
A. Aquatic ecosystem: GFC is the major conduit.
B. Terrestrial ecosystem: larger energy fraction flows through DFC than GFC.
C. DFC and GFC can never be connected.
D. Some organisms of DFC may be prey to GFC animals.
56.Food web formation is supported by which statements?
A. Natural interconnection of food chains makes a food web.
B. Cockroaches and crows are given as examples of omnivores.
C. Omnivores can connect pathways.
D. A food web assumes only one simple straight chain.
A. Natural interconnection of food chains makes a food web.
B. Cockroaches and crows are given as examples of omnivores.
C. Omnivores can connect pathways.
D. A food web assumes only one simple straight chain.
57.Which statements about trophic levels are correct?
A. They are based on source of nutrition or food.
B. They indicate a specific place in the food chain.
C. Producers belong to the first trophic level.
D. Herbivores belong to the third trophic level.
A. They are based on source of nutrition or food.
B. They indicate a specific place in the food chain.
C. Producers belong to the first trophic level.
D. Herbivores belong to the third trophic level.
58.Which statements describe energy decrease and detritus correctly?
A. Energy decreases at successive trophic levels.
B. Dead biomass can serve as energy source for decomposers.
C. Organisms depend on lower trophic levels for energy demands.
D. Energy increases at every successive trophic level.
A. Energy decreases at successive trophic levels.
B. Dead biomass can serve as energy source for decomposers.
C. Organisms depend on lower trophic levels for energy demands.
D. Energy increases at every successive trophic level.
59.Standing crop is correctly described by which statements?
A. It is mass of living material at a particular time.
B. It belongs to a trophic level.
C. It can be measured as biomass or number in a unit area.
D. It is the same as PAR captured by producers.
A. It is mass of living material at a particular time.
B. It belongs to a trophic level.
C. It can be measured as biomass or number in a unit area.
D. It is the same as PAR captured by producers.
60.Which statements about biomass measurement are correct?
A. Biomass may be fresh weight.
B. Biomass may be dry weight.
C. Dry weight measurement is more accurate.
D. Biomass is always expressed only as number per unit area.
A. Biomass may be fresh weight.
B. Biomass may be dry weight.
C. Dry weight measurement is more accurate.
D. Biomass is always expressed only as number per unit area.
61.The grazing food chain is restricted because:
A. Energy transfer follows the 10 percent law.
B. Only 10 percent of energy passes to next level from lower level.
C. Unlimited trophic levels are supported by increasing energy.
D. Energy loss restricts length of the chain.
A. Energy transfer follows the 10 percent law.
B. Only 10 percent of energy passes to next level from lower level.
C. Unlimited trophic levels are supported by increasing energy.
D. Energy loss restricts length of the chain.
62.Which statements about ecological pyramid shape and axes are correct?
A. The base is broad and apex narrows.
B. Relationship can be shown in terms of number, biomass or energy.
C. Base represents producers/first trophic level.
D. Apex represents tertiary or top-level consumer.
A. The base is broad and apex narrows.
B. Relationship can be shown in terms of number, biomass or energy.
C. Base represents producers/first trophic level.
D. Apex represents tertiary or top-level consumer.
63.Which ecological pyramids are usually studied?
A. Pyramid of number
B. Pyramid of biomass
C. Pyramid of energy
D. Pyramid of mineralisation
A. Pyramid of number
B. Pyramid of biomass
C. Pyramid of energy
D. Pyramid of mineralisation
64.Identify correct figure facts.
A. Grassland pyramid of numbers may have three top carnivores supported by nearly 6 million plants.
B. Pyramid of biomass shows sharp decrease in biomass at higher trophic levels.
C. Inverted biomass pyramid may have phytoplankton supporting zooplankton.
D. Primary producers convert 100 percent sunlight into NPP.
A. Grassland pyramid of numbers may have three top carnivores supported by nearly 6 million plants.
B. Pyramid of biomass shows sharp decrease in biomass at higher trophic levels.
C. Inverted biomass pyramid may have phytoplankton supporting zooplankton.
D. Primary producers convert 100 percent sunlight into NPP.
65.Correct calculation rule for ecological pyramids includes:
A. All organisms at the trophic level must be included.
B. Taking a few individuals is enough for valid generalisation.
C. Trophic level is a functional level, not a species as such.
D. Same species may occupy more than one trophic level.
A. All organisms at the trophic level must be included.
B. Taking a few individuals is enough for valid generalisation.
C. Trophic level is a functional level, not a species as such.
D. Same species may occupy more than one trophic level.
66.Which statements about sparrow example are correct?
A. Sparrow can be a primary consumer while eating seeds/fruits/peas.
B. Sparrow can be a secondary consumer while eating insects/worms.
C. This proves trophic level is functional, not merely species name.
D. Sparrow must always occupy only one trophic level.
A. Sparrow can be a primary consumer while eating seeds/fruits/peas.
B. Sparrow can be a secondary consumer while eating insects/worms.
C. This proves trophic level is functional, not merely species name.
D. Sparrow must always occupy only one trophic level.
67.Which statements about upright pyramids are correct?
A. In most ecosystems, number, energy and biomass pyramids are upright.
B. Producers are generally more in number and biomass than herbivores.
C. Herbivores are generally more in number and biomass than carnivores.
D. Energy at lower trophic level is always less than higher level.
A. In most ecosystems, number, energy and biomass pyramids are upright.
B. Producers are generally more in number and biomass than herbivores.
C. Herbivores are generally more in number and biomass than carnivores.
D. Energy at lower trophic level is always less than higher level.
68.Which statements describe pyramid exceptions correctly?
A. Tree-insect-bird type chain can give an exception for number pyramid.
B. Sea biomass pyramid is generally inverted.
C. Fish biomass can exceed phytoplankton biomass.
D. Energy pyramid may become inverted in sea.
A. Tree-insect-bird type chain can give an exception for number pyramid.
B. Sea biomass pyramid is generally inverted.
C. Fish biomass can exceed phytoplankton biomass.
D. Energy pyramid may become inverted in sea.
69.Which of the following is NOT listed as a major terrestrial producer in the chapter?
70.Which is NOT an aquatic producer example in the PDF?
71.Which statement is incorrect about food chains/webs?
72.Which statement is NOT correct about energy trapped in an organism?
73.Select the incorrectly matched pair.
74.Which is NOT a common terrestrial herbivore example mentioned in the PDF?
75.Which statement is incorrect?
76.In Grass -> Goat -> Man, which assignment is incorrect?
77.Which of the following does NOT describe the detritus food chain?
78.Which statement about saprotrophs is incorrect?
79.Which is NOT part of the decomposer action described in the PDF?
80.Which statement is incorrect about energy conduits?
81.Which of the following is NOT given as an omnivore example in the chapter?
82.Which statement contradicts the PDF definition of trophic level?
83.Which trophic-level assignment is incorrect according to the chapter?
84.Which of the following is NOT correct about energy at successive trophic levels?
85.Which is incorrect about dead organisms in ecosystem energy flow?
86.Which statement about standing crop is NOT correct?
87.Which biomass statement is incorrect?
88.Which statement is NOT true for the 10 percent law?
89.Which is NOT a basis used to express ecological pyramids in the chapter?
90.Which statement about pyramid position is incorrect?
91.Which item is NOT one of the three ecological pyramids usually studied?
92.Match List-I with List-II.
List-I: A. Energy decreases B. Dead biomass C. Standing crop D. Dry weight
List-II: I. More accurate biomass measure II. Successive trophic levels III. Energy source for decomposers IV. Mass of living material at a time
List-I: A. Energy decreases B. Dead biomass C. Standing crop D. Dry weight
List-II: I. More accurate biomass measure II. Successive trophic levels III. Energy source for decomposers IV. Mass of living material at a time
93.Match the terms with their meanings.
A. Standing crop B. Biomass C. 10 percent law D. Trophic level
I. Mass/number per unit area at a trophic level II. Fresh or dry weight of species III. Only 10% energy transfer IV. Place based on food source
A. Standing crop B. Biomass C. 10 percent law D. Trophic level
I. Mass/number per unit area at a trophic level II. Fresh or dry weight of species III. Only 10% energy transfer IV. Place based on food source
94.Match decomposition terms.
A. Fragmentation B. Leaching C. Catabolism D. Mineralisation
I. Release of inorganic nutrients from humus II. Detritus into smaller particles III. Water-soluble nutrients move down and precipitate IV. Enzymatic degradation into simpler inorganic substances
A. Fragmentation B. Leaching C. Catabolism D. Mineralisation
I. Release of inorganic nutrients from humus II. Detritus into smaller particles III. Water-soluble nutrients move down and precipitate IV. Enzymatic degradation into simpler inorganic substances
95.Match examples with category.
A. Forest B. Pond C. Aquarium D. Estuary
I. Man-made ecosystem II. Terrestrial ecosystem III. Aquatic ecosystem IV. Aquatic ecosystem
A. Forest B. Pond C. Aquarium D. Estuary
I. Man-made ecosystem II. Terrestrial ecosystem III. Aquatic ecosystem IV. Aquatic ecosystem
96.Match pond components.
A. Abiotic B. Autotrophs C. Consumers D. Decomposers
I. Zooplankton/free-swimming/bottom-dwelling forms II. Water with dissolved substances and bottom soil III. Phytoplankton/algae/floating plants IV. Fungi/bacteria/flagellates
A. Abiotic B. Autotrophs C. Consumers D. Decomposers
I. Zooplankton/free-swimming/bottom-dwelling forms II. Water with dissolved substances and bottom soil III. Phytoplankton/algae/floating plants IV. Fungi/bacteria/flagellates
97.Match productivity terms.
A. GPP B. NPP C. Secondary productivity D. Productivity
I. Rate of biomass production II. Rate of organic matter production during photosynthesis III. Available biomass to heterotrophs IV. New organic matter formation by consumers
A. GPP B. NPP C. Secondary productivity D. Productivity
I. Rate of biomass production II. Rate of organic matter production during photosynthesis III. Available biomass to heterotrophs IV. New organic matter formation by consumers
98.Match decomposition rate factors.
A. Lignin/chitin rich detritus B. Nitrogen/sugar rich detritus C. Warm and moist D. Low temperature/anaerobiosis
I. Favour decomposition II. Slower decomposition III. Quicker decomposition IV. Inhibit decomposition
A. Lignin/chitin rich detritus B. Nitrogen/sugar rich detritus C. Warm and moist D. Low temperature/anaerobiosis
I. Favour decomposition II. Slower decomposition III. Quicker decomposition IV. Inhibit decomposition
99.Match energy-flow items.
A. Sun exception B. PAR C. Plant PAR capture D. Second law context
I. Less than 50% incident radiation II. 2-10% of PAR III. Deep sea hydrothermal ecosystem IV. Constant energy supply to counter disorderliness
A. Sun exception B. PAR C. Plant PAR capture D. Second law context
I. Less than 50% incident radiation II. 2-10% of PAR III. Deep sea hydrothermal ecosystem IV. Constant energy supply to counter disorderliness
100.Match organism/role pairs.
A. Green plants B. Herbaceous and woody plants C. Phytoplankton/algae/higher plants D. Zooplankton
I. Aquatic producers II. Producers III. Terrestrial producers IV. Pond consumers
A. Green plants B. Herbaceous and woody plants C. Phytoplankton/algae/higher plants D. Zooplankton
I. Aquatic producers II. Producers III. Terrestrial producers IV. Pond consumers
101.Match consumer levels.
A. Primary consumer B. Secondary consumer C. Primary carnivore D. Secondary carnivore
I. Eats animals that eat plants II. Feeds on producers III. Feeds on herbivores IV. Depends on primary carnivores
A. Primary consumer B. Secondary consumer C. Primary carnivore D. Secondary carnivore
I. Eats animals that eat plants II. Feeds on producers III. Feeds on herbivores IV. Depends on primary carnivores
102.Match chain elements in Grass -> Goat -> Man.
A. Grass B. Goat C. Man D. Chain type
I. Primary consumer II. Producer III. Secondary consumer IV. Grazing food chain
A. Grass B. Goat C. Man D. Chain type
I. Primary consumer II. Producer III. Secondary consumer IV. Grazing food chain
103.Match DFC-related items.
A. Beginning of DFC B. Main decomposers C. Saprotrophs D. Enzymes secreted by decomposers
I. Fungi and bacteria II. Dead organic matter III. Digestive enzymes IV. Decomposers degrading dead organic matter
A. Beginning of DFC B. Main decomposers C. Saprotrophs D. Enzymes secreted by decomposers
I. Fungi and bacteria II. Dead organic matter III. Digestive enzymes IV. Decomposers degrading dead organic matter
104.Match ecosystems with dominant conduit.
A. Aquatic ecosystem B. Terrestrial ecosystem C. Food web D. DFC-GFC connection
I. Larger energy fraction through DFC II. GFC major conduit III. Organisms of DFC may be prey to GFC animals IV. Natural interconnection of food chains
A. Aquatic ecosystem B. Terrestrial ecosystem C. Food web D. DFC-GFC connection
I. Larger energy fraction through DFC II. GFC major conduit III. Organisms of DFC may be prey to GFC animals IV. Natural interconnection of food chains
105.Match pyramid concepts.
A. Broad base and narrow apex B. Number/biomass/energy C. Base D. Apex
I. Producers/first trophic level II. Tertiary/top-level consumer III. Ecological pyramid shape IV. Relationships expressed
A. Broad base and narrow apex B. Number/biomass/energy C. Base D. Apex
I. Producers/first trophic level II. Tertiary/top-level consumer III. Ecological pyramid shape IV. Relationships expressed
106.Match pyramid figures with descriptions.
A. Pyramid of numbers in grassland B. Pyramid of biomass C. Inverted biomass pyramid D. Ideal energy pyramid
I. Sharp decrease at higher trophic levels II. Small phytoplankton crop supports large zooplankton crop III. Producers convert only 1% sunlight into NPP IV. Nearly 6 million plants support three top carnivores
A. Pyramid of numbers in grassland B. Pyramid of biomass C. Inverted biomass pyramid D. Ideal energy pyramid
I. Sharp decrease at higher trophic levels II. Small phytoplankton crop supports large zooplankton crop III. Producers convert only 1% sunlight into NPP IV. Nearly 6 million plants support three top carnivores
107.Match pyramid rule/exception.
A. Include all organisms B. Functional level C. Sparrow eating seeds D. Sparrow eating insects
I. Primary consumer II. Secondary consumer III. Calculation rule IV. Trophic level concept
A. Include all organisms B. Functional level C. Sparrow eating seeds D. Sparrow eating insects
I. Primary consumer II. Secondary consumer III. Calculation rule IV. Trophic level concept
108.Match limitations of ecological pyramids.
A. Same species at two levels B. Simple food chain assumption C. Food web issue D. Saprophytes
I. Not accommodated II. Not accounted for III. Assumed although rare in nature IV. Not given place despite vital role
A. Same species at two levels B. Simple food chain assumption C. Food web issue D. Saprophytes
I. Not accommodated II. Not accounted for III. Assumed although rare in nature IV. Not given place despite vital role
109.Match nutrient cycling summary.
A. Abiotic components B. Biotic components C. Gaseous cycle reservoir D. Sedimentary cycle reservoir
I. Producers/consumers/decomposers II. Air/water/soil III. Earth's crust IV. Atmosphere or hydrosphere
A. Abiotic components B. Biotic components C. Gaseous cycle reservoir D. Sedimentary cycle reservoir
I. Producers/consumers/decomposers II. Air/water/soil III. Earth's crust IV. Atmosphere or hydrosphere
110.Assertion A: A species may occupy more than one trophic level in the same ecosystem at the same time.
Reason R: Trophic level represents a functional level, not a species as such.
Reason R: Trophic level represents a functional level, not a species as such.
111.Assertion A: A sparrow eating seeds, fruits and peas acts as a primary consumer.
Reason R: Seeds, fruits and peas are plant-based food sources in the example given.
Reason R: Seeds, fruits and peas are plant-based food sources in the example given.
112.Assertion A: In most ecosystems, pyramids of number, energy and biomass are upright.
Reason R: Producers are usually more in number and biomass than herbivores, and herbivores more than carnivores.
Reason R: Producers are usually more in number and biomass than herbivores, and herbivores more than carnivores.
113.Assertion A: The pyramid of biomass in sea is generally inverted.
Reason R: The biomass of phytoplankton far exceeds that of fishes in sea.
Reason R: The biomass of phytoplankton far exceeds that of fishes in sea.
114.Assertion A: Pyramid of energy is always upright and can never be inverted.
Reason R: During energy transfer from one trophic level to next, some energy is always lost as heat.
Reason R: During energy transfer from one trophic level to next, some energy is always lost as heat.
115.Assertion A: Ecological pyramids do not accommodate food webs properly.
Reason R: They assume a simple food chain, something that almost never exists in nature.
Reason R: They assume a simple food chain, something that almost never exists in nature.
116.Assertion A: Saprophytes are not given any place in ecological pyramids.
Reason R: Saprophytes play no role in ecosystems.
Reason R: Saprophytes play no role in ecosystems.
117.Assertion A: Abiotic components include air, water and soil.
Reason R: Abiotic components are inorganic materials.
Reason R: Abiotic components are inorganic materials.
118.Assertion A: Biotic components include producers, consumers and decomposers.
Reason R: Biotic components are the living components of an ecosystem.
Reason R: Biotic components are the living components of an ecosystem.
119.Assertion A: Nutrient cycling involves repeated use of nutrients.
Reason R: It is the storage and movement of nutrient elements through ecosystem components.
Reason R: It is the storage and movement of nutrient elements through ecosystem components.
120.Assertion A: Gaseous and sedimentary are the two types of nutrient cycling mentioned in the summary.
Reason R: Atmosphere or hydrosphere acts as reservoir for gaseous cycle, while Earth's crust is reservoir for sedimentary cycle.
Reason R: Atmosphere or hydrosphere acts as reservoir for gaseous cycle, while Earth's crust is reservoir for sedimentary cycle.
121.Assertion A: Forests can provide purification of air and water as ecosystem services.
Reason R: Ecosystem services are products of ecosystem processes.
Reason R: Ecosystem services are products of ecosystem processes.
122.Assertion A: Energy at a lower trophic level is always more than at a higher trophic level.
Reason R: Producers convert 100 percent of sunlight into NPP.
Reason R: Producers convert 100 percent of sunlight into NPP.
123.Assertion A: Ecological pyramids cannot correctly handle cases where one species belongs to two trophic levels.
Reason R: They take into account the same species belonging to two or more trophic levels.
Reason R: They take into account the same species belonging to two or more trophic levels.
124.Assertion A: The base of each ecological pyramid represents producers or the first trophic level.
Reason R: The apex represents decomposers because they act at all trophic levels.
Reason R: The apex represents decomposers because they act at all trophic levels.
125.In the decomposition cycle diagram/process, which event correctly represents action of detritivores?
126.Based on the decomposition process, which pairing is correct?
127.In a terrestrial decomposition cycle, which condition would most likely slow accumulation breakdown?
128.In Figure 12.2 type trophic arrangement, which order is correct?
129.In Figure 12.3 energy flow, why do upper trophic levels receive less energy?
130.In the trophic-level diagram, a dead organism at any level should be connected to:
131.Based on Figure 12.4(a), which interpretation is correct?
132.Based on Figure 12.4(b), which statement fits the shown biomass pyramid?
133.Based on Figure 12.4(c), which is correct for inverted biomass pyramid?
134.In Figure 12.4(d), which statement correctly reads the ideal energy pyramid?
135.While drawing an ecological pyramid from a food web, which rule prevents invalid generalisation?
136.A diagram shows a broad base labelled first trophic level and a narrow apex labelled top-level consumer. Which labelling is correct?
137.Choose the option where all pairs are correctly matched.
A. Primary production - biomass/organic matter by plants per unit area per time
B. Productivity - rate of biomass production
C. Species composition - vertical distribution of species
D. Stratification - identification and enumeration of species
A. Primary production - biomass/organic matter by plants per unit area per time
B. Productivity - rate of biomass production
C. Species composition - vertical distribution of species
D. Stratification - identification and enumeration of species
138.Select the option with correct statements only.
A. Oceans occupy about 70% of Earth's surface.
B. Ocean productivity is about 55 billion tons in the chapter.
C. Whole biosphere NPP is approximately 170 billion tons dry weight.
D. Oceans contribute all of the biosphere NPP.
A. Oceans occupy about 70% of Earth's surface.
B. Ocean productivity is about 55 billion tons in the chapter.
C. Whole biosphere NPP is approximately 170 billion tons dry weight.
D. Oceans contribute all of the biosphere NPP.
139.Which option contains only processes that are steps of decomposition?
A. Fragmentation
B. Leaching
C. Catabolism
D. Stratification
E. Humification
A. Fragmentation
B. Leaching
C. Catabolism
D. Stratification
E. Humification
140.Select the correctly matched set.
A. Lignin/chitin - slower decomposition
B. Nitrogen/sugars - quicker decomposition
C. Warm/moist - favours decomposition
D. Anaerobiosis - inhibits decomposition
A. Lignin/chitin - slower decomposition
B. Nitrogen/sugars - quicker decomposition
C. Warm/moist - favours decomposition
D. Anaerobiosis - inhibits decomposition
141.Choose the option that includes only correct aquatic ecosystem statements from the PDF.
A. GFC is major conduit for energy flow.
B. Producers include phytoplankton, algae and higher plants.
C. Primary consumers may include molluscs.
D. Biomass pyramid in sea is generally inverted.
A. GFC is major conduit for energy flow.
B. Producers include phytoplankton, algae and higher plants.
C. Primary consumers may include molluscs.
D. Biomass pyramid in sea is generally inverted.
142.Choose the option that contains all limitations of ecological pyramids given in the chapter.
A. Do not account for same species at two or more trophic levels.
B. Assume simple food chain.
C. Do not accommodate food web.
D. Do not give saprophytes a place despite their role.
A. Do not account for same species at two or more trophic levels.
B. Assume simple food chain.
C. Do not accommodate food web.
D. Do not give saprophytes a place despite their role.
143.Select the option with correct reservoir-cycle pairs.
A. Atmosphere/hydrosphere - gaseous cycle
B. Carbon - gaseous type cycle example
C. Earth's crust - sedimentary cycle
D. Phosphorus - sedimentary type cycle example
A. Atmosphere/hydrosphere - gaseous cycle
B. Carbon - gaseous type cycle example
C. Earth's crust - sedimentary cycle
D. Phosphorus - sedimentary type cycle example
144.A student marks crop field as natural terrestrial ecosystem because crops grow on land. Which correction is most accurate from the PDF?
145.A pond sample has phytoplankton, zooplankton, bottom fungi and dissolved inorganic substances. Which classification is most accurate?
146.A student says NPP is total photosynthetic organic matter before respiration. What is the correction?
147.If detritus is rich in chitin and conditions are anaerobic, what should be expected from the PDF?
148.In a terrestrial forest, a large fraction of energy is found to pass through dead organic matter. Which chapter statement explains this?
149.A single bird is counted as a primary consumer in one observation and a secondary consumer in another. Which interpretation protects accuracy?
150.A student draws a sea biomass pyramid with phytoplankton bar larger than fish bar because producers must always have larger biomass. What is the best correction?
Answer Key
11
21
33
41
52
63
71
81
93
101
112
122
132
142
152
162
172
182
192
202
211
222
231
242
252
262
273
282
291
303
311
321
331
342
351
361
371
381
391
401
411
422
431
442
451
461
471
482
492
502
511
521
531
542
551
561
571
581
591
601
611
622
631
641
651
661
671
681
693
704
714
723
734
744
754
764
774
784
794
804
813
823
834
844
854
864
874
884
894
904
914
921
931
941
951
961
971
981
991
1001
1011
1021
1031
1041
1051
1061
1071
1081
1091
1101
1111
1121
1133
1141
1151
1163
1171
1181
1191
1201
1211
1223
1233
1243
1251
1261
1273
1281
1292
1302
1311
1321
1331
1341
1352
1361
1371
1381
1391
1402
1412
1422
1433
1441
1451
1461
1472
1481
1492
1501