.png&w=3840&q=75)
NEET ]1[ Contd...
NEET Biology Class 12 - Microbes in Human Welfare Ultra-Hard Question Bank
Instructions:
- Each question has four options (1), (2), (3), (4). Choose the most correct answer.
- Each correct answer carries 4 marks.
- Each wrong answer will deduct 1 marks.
- Unanswered questions will not be penalised.
1.Consider the following statements regarding the academic background and scientific work
of M.S. Swaminathan:
I. He did his graduation and post-graduation in Genetics from Madras University.
II. Under his leadership, the School of Cytogenetics and Radiation Research was established at
the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI).
III. His team developed short-duration high-yielding varieties of wheat, which included the
scented Basmati.
IV. He is credited with developing the concept of crop cafeteria, crop scheduling, and genetically
improving the yield and quality.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
of M.S. Swaminathan:
I. He did his graduation and post-graduation in Genetics from Madras University.
II. Under his leadership, the School of Cytogenetics and Radiation Research was established at
the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI).
III. His team developed short-duration high-yielding varieties of wheat, which included the
scented Basmati.
IV. He is credited with developing the concept of crop cafeteria, crop scheduling, and genetically
improving the yield and quality.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
2.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): M.S. Swaminathan is known for the development of the concept of crop cafeteria
and crop scheduling.
Reason (R): He initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which culminated in the 'Green
Revolution' through the introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): M.S. Swaminathan is known for the development of the concept of crop cafeteria
and crop scheduling.
Reason (R): He initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which culminated in the 'Green
Revolution' through the introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
3.Consider the following statements regarding the programmes initiated by and honours
bestowed upon M.S. Swaminathan:
I. M.S. Swaminathan is the initiator of the 'Lab-to-Land' and food security programmes.
II. He developed high-yielding varieties of rice under the 'Lab-to-Land' initiative in
collaboration with Norman Borlaug.
III. M.S. Swaminathan was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan for his environmental and
agricultural programmes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
bestowed upon M.S. Swaminathan:
I. M.S. Swaminathan is the initiator of the 'Lab-to-Land' and food security programmes.
II. He developed high-yielding varieties of rice under the 'Lab-to-Land' initiative in
collaboration with Norman Borlaug.
III. M.S. Swaminathan was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan for his environmental and
agricultural programmes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
4.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Monkambu Sambasivan Swaminathan completed his academic degrees of
graduation and post-graduation in Botany from Madras University.
Reason (R): He was born in August 1925 in Kumbakonam in Karnataka.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Monkambu Sambasivan Swaminathan completed his academic degrees of
graduation and post-graduation in Botany from Madras University.
Reason (R): He was born in August 1925 in Kumbakonam in Karnataka.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
5.Consider the following statements regarding the institutional roles and research output of
M.S. Swaminathan:
I. He developed his expertise in genetics and plant breeding by working in various institutions in
India and abroad.
II. His research team developed short-duration high-yielding varieties of scented Basmati rice.
III. The School of Cytogenetics and Radiation Research was established under his leadership at
Madras University.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
M.S. Swaminathan:
I. He developed his expertise in genetics and plant breeding by working in various institutions in
India and abroad.
II. His research team developed short-duration high-yielding varieties of scented Basmati rice.
III. The School of Cytogenetics and Radiation Research was established under his leadership at
Madras University.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
6.Consider the following statements regarding the distribution and survival of micro-
organisms on Earth:
I. Microbes are present everywhere – in soil, water, air, inside our bodies, and in other animals
and plants.
II. Microbes are present deep inside geysers (thermal vents) where the temperature may be as
high as 100°C.
III. They can survive under layers of snow that are several millimetres thick.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
organisms on Earth:
I. Microbes are present everywhere – in soil, water, air, inside our bodies, and in other animals
and plants.
II. Microbes are present deep inside geysers (thermal vents) where the temperature may be as
high as 100°C.
III. They can survive under layers of snow that are several millimetres thick.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
7.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Microbes are highly diverse and include protozoa, bacteria, fungi, viroids, and
prions.
Reason (R): Prions are defined as non-proteinaceous, infectious genetic elements that cause slow
diseases in host systems.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Microbes are highly diverse and include protozoa, bacteria, fungi, viroids, and
prions.
Reason (R): Prions are defined as non-proteinaceous, infectious genetic elements that cause slow
diseases in host systems.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
8.Consider the following statements regarding the culturing of microbes in laboratory
settings:
I. Microbes like bacteria and all fungi can be grown on nutritive media to form colonies.
II. Viral cultures are commonly grown on standard agar petri dishes to form visible colonies
seen with naked eyes.
III. Microbial cultures grown on nutritive media are extremely useful in studies on micro-
organisms.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
settings:
I. Microbes like bacteria and all fungi can be grown on nutritive media to form colonies.
II. Viral cultures are commonly grown on standard agar petri dishes to form visible colonies
seen with naked eyes.
III. Microbial cultures grown on nutritive media are extremely useful in studies on micro-
organisms.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
9.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A rod-shaped bacterium showing flagella can be seen magnified 50,000X under a
microscope.
Reason (R): Viruses like the rod-shaped Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) are typically magnified
about 1,500X under standard light microscopes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A rod-shaped bacterium showing flagella can be seen magnified 50,000X under a
microscope.
Reason (R): Viruses like the rod-shaped Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) are typically magnified
about 1,500X under standard light microscopes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
10.Consider the following statements regarding the shapes and biological characteristics of
viruses shown in the NCERT diagrams:
I. A bacteriophage is depicted with a head, collar, sheath, and tail fibres.
II. The adenovirus is a rod-shaped virus responsible for causing severe respiratory infections.
III. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) is represented as a rod-shaped virus.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
viruses shown in the NCERT diagrams:
I. A bacteriophage is depicted with a head, collar, sheath, and tail fibres.
II. The adenovirus is a rod-shaped virus responsible for causing severe respiratory infections.
III. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) is represented as a rod-shaped virus.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
11.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): During the conversion of milk into curd, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) produce
acids that coagulate and partially digest milk proteins.
Reason (R): The primary biochemical action of LAB involves the denaturing of milk lipids in
highly alkaline environments.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): During the conversion of milk into curd, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) produce
acids that coagulate and partially digest milk proteins.
Reason (R): The primary biochemical action of LAB involves the denaturing of milk lipids in
highly alkaline environments.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
12.Consider the following statements regarding the preparation and clinical benefits of curd:
I. A small amount of curd added to fresh milk acts as an inoculum or starter containing millions
of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB).
II. Conversion of milk to curd improves its nutritional quality by significantly increasing
vitamin B12.
III. In the human stomach, LAB play a highly beneficial role in checking disease-causing
microbes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. A small amount of curd added to fresh milk acts as an inoculum or starter containing millions
of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB).
II. Conversion of milk to curd improves its nutritional quality by significantly increasing
vitamin B12.
III. In the human stomach, LAB play a highly beneficial role in checking disease-causing
microbes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
13.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The dough which is used for making foods such as dosa and idli is fermented by
bacteria.
Reason (R): The puffed-up appearance of this dough is due to the production of oxygen gas
during aerobic cellular respiration.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The dough which is used for making foods such as dosa and idli is fermented by
bacteria.
Reason (R): The puffed-up appearance of this dough is due to the production of oxygen gas
during aerobic cellular respiration.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
14.Consider the following statements regarding traditional fermented products in human
diet:
I. The dough used for making bread is fermented using baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
II. 'Toddy', a traditional drink of some parts of northern India, is made by fermenting sap from
palms.
III. Microbes are also used to ferment fish, soyabean, and bamboo-shoots to make edible foods.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
diet:
I. The dough used for making bread is fermented using baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
II. 'Toddy', a traditional drink of some parts of northern India, is made by fermenting sap from
palms.
III. Microbes are also used to ferment fish, soyabean, and bamboo-shoots to make edible foods.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
15.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): 'Toddy' is a traditional drink made by the fermentation of sap extracted from
palm trees.
Reason (R): Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is the specific micro-organism introduced
to initiate palm sap fermentation for Toddy production.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): 'Toddy' is a traditional drink made by the fermentation of sap extracted from
palm trees.
Reason (R): Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is the specific micro-organism introduced
to initiate palm sap fermentation for Toddy production.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
16.Consider the following statements regarding the historical use of microbes in cheese
production:
I. Different varieties of cheese are known by their characteristic texture, flavour, and taste, with
specificity coming from the microbes used.
II. The large holes in 'Swiss cheese' are due to the production of a large amount of carbon
dioxide by a fungus named Propionibacterium shermanii.
III. 'Roquefort cheese' is ripened by growing a specific bacterium on them, which gives them a
particular flavour.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
production:
I. Different varieties of cheese are known by their characteristic texture, flavour, and taste, with
specificity coming from the microbes used.
II. The large holes in 'Swiss cheese' are due to the production of a large amount of carbon
dioxide by a fungus named Propionibacterium shermanii.
III. 'Roquefort cheese' is ripened by growing a specific bacterium on them, which gives them a
particular flavour.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
17.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Swiss cheese is characterized by the presence of large holes throughout its
texture.
Reason (R): Propionibacterium shermanii is a bacterium that grows on the cheese and releases
large volumes of gas during respiration.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Swiss cheese is characterized by the presence of large holes throughout its
texture.
Reason (R): Propionibacterium shermanii is a bacterium that grows on the cheese and releases
large volumes of gas during respiration.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
18.Which of the following statements regarding Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) is/are correct
according to NCERT?
I. LAB grow in milk and convert it into curd by completely digesting all milk proteins.
II. In our stomach, LAB play a beneficial role by actively synthesising multiple vitamins to
prevent deficiency.
III. LAB are beneficial in the stomach because they check the growth of disease-causing
microbes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
according to NCERT?
I. LAB grow in milk and convert it into curd by completely digesting all milk proteins.
II. In our stomach, LAB play a beneficial role by actively synthesising multiple vitamins to
prevent deficiency.
III. LAB are beneficial in the stomach because they check the growth of disease-causing
microbes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
19.According to the NCERT chapter, microbes are used to ferment which of the following
materials to make traditional foods?
I. Fish
II. Soyabean
III. Bamboo-shoots
IV. Palm sap
Choose the correct option:
materials to make traditional foods?
I. Fish
II. Soyabean
III. Bamboo-shoots
IV. Palm sap
Choose the correct option:
20.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): 'Roquefort cheese' is ripened by growing a specific fungus on them, which
imparts a particular flavour.
Reason (R): The specificity of texture, flavour, and taste in different cheese varieties depends
entirely on the chemical composition of milk rather than the type of microbe used.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): 'Roquefort cheese' is ripened by growing a specific fungus on them, which
imparts a particular flavour.
Reason (R): The specificity of texture, flavour, and taste in different cheese varieties depends
entirely on the chemical composition of milk rather than the type of microbe used.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
21.Which of the following conditions and biochemical events are necessary for the successful
conversion of milk to curd?
I. Addition of a starter or inoculum containing millions of LAB.
II. Multiplicaton of LAB at extremely high boiling temperatures.
III. Coagulation and partial digestion of milk proteins by the acids produced by LAB.
Choose the correct option:
conversion of milk to curd?
I. Addition of a starter or inoculum containing millions of LAB.
II. Multiplicaton of LAB at extremely high boiling temperatures.
III. Coagulation and partial digestion of milk proteins by the acids produced by LAB.
Choose the correct option:
22.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A small amount of curd is routinely added as an inoculum to fresh milk to initiate
curdling.
Reason (R): The curd inoculum contains millions of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) that multiply
rapidly at suitable temperatures.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A small amount of curd is routinely added as an inoculum to fresh milk to initiate
curdling.
Reason (R): The curd inoculum contains millions of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) that multiply
rapidly at suitable temperatures.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
23.Which of the following statements regarding the taxonomic group and nomenclature of
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. Lactobacillus is the sole genus that constitutes the group commonly called lactic acid bacteria
(LAB).
II. LAB grow in milk and convert it into curd by fermenting milk sugar into lactic acid.
III. NCERT commonly groups Lactobacillus and other related bacteria together under the
acronym LAB.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. Lactobacillus is the sole genus that constitutes the group commonly called lactic acid bacteria
(LAB).
II. LAB grow in milk and convert it into curd by fermenting milk sugar into lactic acid.
III. NCERT commonly groups Lactobacillus and other related bacteria together under the
acronym LAB.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
24.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The dough used for making dosa and idli has a characteristic puffed-up
appearance.
Reason (R): The puffed-up appearance is caused by the release of carbon dioxide gas during
bacterial fermentation.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The dough used for making dosa and idli has a characteristic puffed-up
appearance.
Reason (R): The puffed-up appearance is caused by the release of carbon dioxide gas during
bacterial fermentation.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
25.Which of the following statements regarding the history and classification of cheese is/are
correct according to NCERT?
I. Cheese is one of the oldest food items in which microbes were used.
II. Different varieties of cheese are known specifically by their characteristic texture, flavour,
and taste.
III. The characteristic properties of different cheeses are determined primarily by the
temperature of incubation rather than the microbial species.
Choose the correct option:
correct according to NCERT?
I. Cheese is one of the oldest food items in which microbes were used.
II. Different varieties of cheese are known specifically by their characteristic texture, flavour,
and taste.
III. The characteristic properties of different cheeses are determined primarily by the
temperature of incubation rather than the microbial species.
Choose the correct option:
26.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The dough used for making bread is fermented using baker's yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Reason (R): Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a common filamentous bacterium that grows in large
colonies on nutritive agar media.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The dough used for making bread is fermented using baker's yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Reason (R): Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a common filamentous bacterium that grows in large
colonies on nutritive agar media.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
27.Consider the following statements regarding the fermentation of dough in different food
items:
I. Dosa and idli dough is fermented by bacteria, whereas bread dough is fermented by yeast.
II. Both dosa/idli dough and bread dough obtain their puffed-up appearance due to the
production of carbon dioxide gas.
III. The microbial source for dosa/idli dough fermentation is baker's yeast, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
items:
I. Dosa and idli dough is fermented by bacteria, whereas bread dough is fermented by yeast.
II. Both dosa/idli dough and bread dough obtain their puffed-up appearance due to the
production of carbon dioxide gas.
III. The microbial source for dosa/idli dough fermentation is baker's yeast, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
28.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The nutritional quality of curd is superior to that of raw milk.
Reason (R): During the curdling process, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) significantly increase the
content of Vitamin B12 in the milk.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The nutritional quality of curd is superior to that of raw milk.
Reason (R): During the curdling process, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) significantly increase the
content of Vitamin B12 in the milk.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
29.Consider the following statements regarding the ripening agents of different cheeses:
I. Swiss cheese is ripened internally by a bacterium to produce large holes.
II. Roquefort cheese is ripened by growing a specific fungus on them to give a particular flavour.
III. Both Swiss cheese and Roquefort cheese are ripened solely by anaerobic bacterial species.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Swiss cheese is ripened internally by a bacterium to produce large holes.
II. Roquefort cheese is ripened by growing a specific fungus on them to give a particular flavour.
III. Both Swiss cheese and Roquefort cheese are ripened solely by anaerobic bacterial species.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
30.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are considered highly beneficial for human gut health
when ingested.
Reason (R): In our stomach, the LAB play a very beneficial role in checking and inhibiting the
growth of disease-causing microbes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are considered highly beneficial for human gut health
when ingested.
Reason (R): In our stomach, the LAB play a very beneficial role in checking and inhibiting the
growth of disease-causing microbes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
31.Consider the following statements regarding the industrial applications of micro-
organisms:
I. Microbes are used in industry to synthesise a number of products valuable to human beings.
II. Growing microbes on an industrial scale requires very large vessels called autoclaves.
III. Beverages and antibiotics are prime examples of microbially synthesised industrial
products.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
organisms:
I. Microbes are used in industry to synthesise a number of products valuable to human beings.
II. Growing microbes on an industrial scale requires very large vessels called autoclaves.
III. Beverages and antibiotics are prime examples of microbially synthesised industrial
products.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
32.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly called brewer's yeast, is used for
fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices to produce ethanol.
Reason (R): Baker's yeast and brewer's yeast represent two genetically distinct species of the
genus Saccharomyces with non-overlapping metabolic pathways.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly called brewer's yeast, is used for
fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices to produce ethanol.
Reason (R): Baker's yeast and brewer's yeast represent two genetically distinct species of the
genus Saccharomyces with non-overlapping metabolic pathways.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
33.Consider the following statements regarding the processing of alcoholic beverages:
I. Depending on the type of raw material and processing, different types of alcoholic drinks are
obtained.
II. Wine and beer are produced by distillation of the fermented broth to increase alcohol
concentration.
III. Whisky, brandy, and rum are produced without distillation of the fermented broth.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
I. Depending on the type of raw material and processing, different types of alcoholic drinks are
obtained.
II. Wine and beer are produced by distillation of the fermented broth to increase alcohol
concentration.
III. Whisky, brandy, and rum are produced without distillation of the fermented broth.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
34.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Wine and beer are categorized separately from whisky, brandy, and rum during
industrial processing.
Reason (R): Wine and beer are produced without distillation, whereas whisky, brandy, and rum
are produced by distillation of the fermented broth.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Wine and beer are categorized separately from whisky, brandy, and rum during
industrial processing.
Reason (R): Wine and beer are produced without distillation, whereas whisky, brandy, and rum
are produced by distillation of the fermented broth.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
35.Consider the following statements regarding the biological meaning and etymology of the
word 'antibiotic':
I. 'Anti' is a Greek word that means 'against', and 'bio' means 'life'.
II. With reference to human beings, antibiotics are 'against life' because they kill living tissue.
III. In the context of disease-causing organisms, they mean 'against life', whereas for humans
they are 'pro life'.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
word 'antibiotic':
I. 'Anti' is a Greek word that means 'against', and 'bio' means 'life'.
II. With reference to human beings, antibiotics are 'against life' because they kill living tissue.
III. In the context of disease-causing organisms, they mean 'against life', whereas for humans
they are 'pro life'.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
36.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin while working on Penicillium notatum
bacteria in unwashed culture plates.
Reason (R): He observed that Staphylococci bacteria could not grow around a green mould that
had grown in one of his culture plates.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin while working on Penicillium notatum
bacteria in unwashed culture plates.
Reason (R): He observed that Staphylococci bacteria could not grow around a green mould that
had grown in one of his culture plates.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
37.Consider the following statements regarding the development and clinical application of
Penicillin:
I. The full potential of Penicillin as an effective antibiotic was established by Alexander Fleming.
II. Penicillin was extensively used to treat wounded American soldiers in World War II.
III. Fleming, Chain, and Florey were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Penicillin:
I. The full potential of Penicillin as an effective antibiotic was established by Alexander Fleming.
II. Penicillin was extensively used to treat wounded American soldiers in World War II.
III. Fleming, Chain, and Florey were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
38.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Alexander Fleming, Ernest Chain, and Howard Florey were awarded the Nobel
Prize for the discovery and development of Penicillin.
Reason (R): The Nobel Prize was bestowed upon them in the year 1952, shortly after the
conclusion of World War II.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Alexander Fleming, Ernest Chain, and Howard Florey were awarded the Nobel
Prize for the discovery and development of Penicillin.
Reason (R): The Nobel Prize was bestowed upon them in the year 1952, shortly after the
conclusion of World War II.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
39.Consider the following statements regarding the raw materials used in fermented beverage
production:
I. Brewer's yeast is utilized to ferment malted tubers and fruit juices to produce ethanol.
II. Malting is a necessary step for cereals before yeast can efficiently ferment them into
beverages.
III. S. cerevisiae is used to produce ethanol via aerobic respiration pathways in industrial
fermentors.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
production:
I. Brewer's yeast is utilized to ferment malted tubers and fruit juices to produce ethanol.
II. Malting is a necessary step for cereals before yeast can efficiently ferment them into
beverages.
III. S. cerevisiae is used to produce ethanol via aerobic respiration pathways in industrial
fermentors.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
40.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Depending on the raw material and processing, different types of alcoholic drinks
are obtained from yeast fermentation.
Reason (R): Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilizes different metabolic pathways to ferment malted
cereals compared to fruit juices.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Depending on the raw material and processing, different types of alcoholic drinks
are obtained from yeast fermentation.
Reason (R): Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilizes different metabolic pathways to ferment malted
cereals compared to fruit juices.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
41.Which of the following conditions were responsible for Alexander Fleming's accidental
discovery of Penicillin?
I. He was working on a culture of Staphylococci bacteria.
II. He left one of his culture plates unwashed, allowing a green mould to grow on it.
III. Staphylococci bacteria grew aggressively inside the zone immediately surrounding the
mould colony.
Choose the correct option:
discovery of Penicillin?
I. He was working on a culture of Staphylococci bacteria.
II. He left one of his culture plates unwashed, allowing a green mould to grow on it.
III. Staphylococci bacteria grew aggressively inside the zone immediately surrounding the
mould colony.
Choose the correct option:
42.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Alexander Fleming named the active chemical produced by the culture plate
mould as 'Penicillin'.
Reason (R): He identified the contaminating mould as the fungus Penicillium notatum.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Alexander Fleming named the active chemical produced by the culture plate
mould as 'Penicillin'.
Reason (R): He identified the contaminating mould as the fungus Penicillium notatum.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
43.Which of the following historical details regarding the early clinical use of Penicillin is/are
correct according to NCERT?
I. Penicillin's full potential was established during World War I to treat wounded soldiers.
II. It was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in major battles.
III. The clinical potential was established by Ernest Chain and Howard Florey.
Choose the correct option:
correct according to NCERT?
I. Penicillin's full potential was established during World War I to treat wounded soldiers.
II. It was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in major battles.
III. The clinical potential was established by Ernest Chain and Howard Florey.
Choose the correct option:
44.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Nobel Prize in 1945 was awarded jointly to Alexander Fleming, Ernest
Chain, and Howard Florey.
Reason (R): They were honoured for their respective roles in the discovery and clinical
development of the first antibiotic, Penicillin.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Nobel Prize in 1945 was awarded jointly to Alexander Fleming, Ernest
Chain, and Howard Florey.
Reason (R): They were honoured for their respective roles in the discovery and clinical
development of the first antibiotic, Penicillin.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
45.Which of the following statements regarding industrial fermentation plants is/are correct
according to NCERT?
I. Production of beverages and antibiotics on an industrial scale requires growing microbes in
fermentors.
II. Fermentors are small, highly pressurized glass tubes designed for batch sterilization.
III. Figure 8.4 and Figure 8.5 show photographs of actual fermentors and a fermentation plant,
respectively.
Choose the correct option:
according to NCERT?
I. Production of beverages and antibiotics on an industrial scale requires growing microbes in
fermentors.
II. Fermentors are small, highly pressurized glass tubes designed for batch sterilization.
III. Figure 8.4 and Figure 8.5 show photographs of actual fermentors and a fermentation plant,
respectively.
Choose the correct option:
46.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Yeast fermentation of malted cereals is an anaerobic process that results in the
accumulation of ethanol.
Reason (R): In yeast cells, the regeneration of NAD+ from NADH during anaerobic respiration
requires the reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Yeast fermentation of malted cereals is an anaerobic process that results in the
accumulation of ethanol.
Reason (R): In yeast cells, the regeneration of NAD+ from NADH during anaerobic respiration
requires the reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
47.Which of the following names are associated with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in
NCERT Chapter 8?
I. Baker's yeast
II. Brewer's yeast
III. Fission yeast
Choose the correct option:
NCERT Chapter 8?
I. Baker's yeast
II. Brewer's yeast
III. Fission yeast
Choose the correct option:
48.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Wine and beer are processed through extensive industrial distillation columns
before bottling.
Reason (R): Whisky, brandy, and rum are produced directly from fermented broth without any
distillation.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Wine and beer are processed through extensive industrial distillation columns
before bottling.
Reason (R): Whisky, brandy, and rum are produced directly from fermented broth without any
distillation.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
49.According to the precise NCERT definition, which of the following statements are correct
regarding antibiotics?
I. They are chemical substances produced by some microbes.
II. They can kill or retard the growth of other disease-causing microbes.
III. They are synthetic chemicals manufactured entirely in chemical laboratories without using
living cells.
Choose the correct option:
regarding antibiotics?
I. They are chemical substances produced by some microbes.
II. They can kill or retard the growth of other disease-causing microbes.
III. They are synthetic chemicals manufactured entirely in chemical laboratories without using
living cells.
Choose the correct option:
50.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered, and it was a chance discovery.
Reason (R): Alexander Fleming set up a highly planned, targeted screening experiment
specifically designed to isolate a chemical that could kill Staphylococci bacteria.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered, and it was a chance discovery.
Reason (R): Alexander Fleming set up a highly planned, targeted screening experiment
specifically designed to isolate a chemical that could kill Staphylococci bacteria.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
51.Consider the following statements regarding the taxonomic nature of the organisms
involved in the discovery of Penicillin:
I. Staphylococci are Gram-positive bacteria that grow in clusters.
II. Penicillium notatum is a filamentous, multicellular green mould belonging to Kingdom
Fungi.
III. Both Staphylococci and Penicillium notatum belong to the same taxonomic Kingdom.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct according to the target NCERT chapter?
(Evaluate strictly based on the taxonomy mentioned or implied in the chapter)
involved in the discovery of Penicillin:
I. Staphylococci are Gram-positive bacteria that grow in clusters.
II. Penicillium notatum is a filamentous, multicellular green mould belonging to Kingdom
Fungi.
III. Both Staphylococci and Penicillium notatum belong to the same taxonomic Kingdom.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct according to the target NCERT chapter?
(Evaluate strictly based on the taxonomy mentioned or implied in the chapter)
52.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Alexander Fleming did not establish the full clinical potential of Penicillin as an
effective antibiotic on his own.
Reason (R): Ernest Chain and Howard Florey performed the crucial purification and clinical
testing that established its potential much later.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Alexander Fleming did not establish the full clinical potential of Penicillin as an
effective antibiotic on his own.
Reason (R): Ernest Chain and Howard Florey performed the crucial purification and clinical
testing that established its potential much later.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
53.According to the NCERT chapter, during which major global conflict was Penicillin first
extensively deployed to treat wounded soldiers?
I. World War I
II. World War II
III. The American Civil War
Choose the correct option:
extensively deployed to treat wounded soldiers?
I. World War I
II. World War II
III. The American Civil War
Choose the correct option:
54.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Fleming, Chain, and Florey received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in
the year 1945.
Reason (R): They were awarded the prize during the height of the World War II hostilities to
celebrate military medical breakthroughs.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Fleming, Chain, and Florey received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in
the year 1945.
Reason (R): They were awarded the prize during the height of the World War II hostilities to
celebrate military medical breakthroughs.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
55.Which of the following pairings of alcoholic beverages and their processing methodology
is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. Wine: Produced by distillation of fermented fruit juices.
II. Whisky: Produced by distillation of fermented malted cereals.
III. Rum: Produced without distillation of fermented molasses.
IV. Beer: Produced without distillation of fermented malted cereals.
Choose the correct option:
is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. Wine: Produced by distillation of fermented fruit juices.
II. Whisky: Produced by distillation of fermented malted cereals.
III. Rum: Produced without distillation of fermented molasses.
IV. Beer: Produced without distillation of fermented malted cereals.
Choose the correct option:
56.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Yeast cells cannot survive and continue fermenting when the concentration of
ethanol in the medium rises above 13 percent.
Reason (R): Saccharomyces cerevisiae has developed a specific active transport mechanism to
pump ethanol out of the cell against its concentration gradient.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Yeast cells cannot survive and continue fermenting when the concentration of
ethanol in the medium rises above 13 percent.
Reason (R): Saccharomyces cerevisiae has developed a specific active transport mechanism to
pump ethanol out of the cell against its concentration gradient.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
57.Which of the following statements regarding the chronological sequence of the discovery of
Penicillin is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. The discovery was made by Alexander Fleming in the early twentieth century.
II. Fleming was actively researching penicillin production when he observed the contaminated
plate.
III. The Nobel Prize was awarded to Fleming, Chain, and Florey in 1945, representing the
twentieth century.
Choose the correct option:
Penicillin is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. The discovery was made by Alexander Fleming in the early twentieth century.
II. Fleming was actively researching penicillin production when he observed the contaminated
plate.
III. The Nobel Prize was awarded to Fleming, Chain, and Florey in 1945, representing the
twentieth century.
Choose the correct option:
58.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Alexander Fleming observed that Staphylococci bacteria could not grow around a
contaminating mould on his unwashed culture plate.
Reason (R): The contaminating mould Penicillium notatum produced a chemical substance that
inhibited the growth of Staphylococci.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Alexander Fleming observed that Staphylococci bacteria could not grow around a
contaminating mould on his unwashed culture plate.
Reason (R): The contaminating mould Penicillium notatum produced a chemical substance that
inhibited the growth of Staphylococci.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
59.Which of the following statements regarding the historical significance of antibiotics is/are
correct according to NCERT?
I. Antibiotics produced by microbes are regarded as one of the most significant discoveries of
the twentieth century.
II. They have greatly contributed towards the welfare of the human society.
III. They have successfully eradicated all infectious bacterial diseases from the Earth.
Choose the correct option:
correct according to NCERT?
I. Antibiotics produced by microbes are regarded as one of the most significant discoveries of
the twentieth century.
II. They have greatly contributed towards the welfare of the human society.
III. They have successfully eradicated all infectious bacterial diseases from the Earth.
Choose the correct option:
60.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Penicillin was manufactured on a massive scale and deployed extensively during
the course of World War II.
Reason (R): There was an urgent clinical need to treat thousands of wounded American soldiers
in the military theatres of war.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Penicillin was manufactured on a massive scale and deployed extensively during
the course of World War II.
Reason (R): There was an urgent clinical need to treat thousands of wounded American soldiers
in the military theatres of war.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
61.Consider the following statements regarding the specific diseases treated by antibiotics and
their vernacular terms listed in NCERT:
I. Antibiotics have greatly improved our capacity to treat deadly diseases such as plague and
whooping cough.
II. The vernacular term for whooping cough in NCERT is 'galghotu', and for diphtheria is 'kali
khansi'.
III. Leprosy, referred to as 'kusht rog' in the text, is a bacterial disease treated by antibiotics.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
their vernacular terms listed in NCERT:
I. Antibiotics have greatly improved our capacity to treat deadly diseases such as plague and
whooping cough.
II. The vernacular term for whooping cough in NCERT is 'galghotu', and for diphtheria is 'kali
khansi'.
III. Leprosy, referred to as 'kusht rog' in the text, is a bacterial disease treated by antibiotics.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
62.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Diseases like whooping cough (kali khansi) and diphtheria (galghotu) used to kill
millions of people across the globe before the discovery of antibiotics.
Reason (R): Diphtheria is a viral disease and whooping cough is a protozoan disease, both of
which are completely cured by broad-spectrum antiviral vaccines.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Diseases like whooping cough (kali khansi) and diphtheria (galghotu) used to kill
millions of people across the globe before the discovery of antibiotics.
Reason (R): Diphtheria is a viral disease and whooping cough is a protozoan disease, both of
which are completely cured by broad-spectrum antiviral vaccines.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
63.Consider the following statements regarding the commercial production of citric acid:
I. Citric acid is produced commercially by the fungus Aspergillus niger.
II. Aspergillus niger is a bacterium commonly found in the soil.
III. The production of citric acid is an anaerobic process carried out in closed fermentors.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
I. Citric acid is produced commercially by the fungus Aspergillus niger.
II. Aspergillus niger is a bacterium commonly found in the soil.
III. The production of citric acid is an anaerobic process carried out in closed fermentors.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
64.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Acetobacter aceti is commercially utilized for the industrial production of acetic
acid.
Reason (R): Acetobacter aceti is a multicellular filamentous fungus belonging to the class
Ascomycetes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Acetobacter aceti is commercially utilized for the industrial production of acetic
acid.
Reason (R): Acetobacter aceti is a multicellular filamentous fungus belonging to the class
Ascomycetes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
65.Consider the following statements regarding the production of butyric acid:
I. Clostridium butylicum is a bacterium utilized for the commercial production of butyric acid.
II. Clostridium butylicum is a unicellular yeast commonly used in bread making.
III. Lactobacillus is also capable of producing high concentrations of butyric acid as a
secondary metabolite.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
I. Clostridium butylicum is a bacterium utilized for the commercial production of butyric acid.
II. Clostridium butylicum is a unicellular yeast commonly used in bread making.
III. Lactobacillus is also capable of producing high concentrations of butyric acid as a
secondary metabolite.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
66.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Lactobacillus is classified as a bacterium that produces lactic acid commercially.
Reason (R): Lactobacillus is a non-pathogenic, eukaryotic micro-organism commonly found
inside the mammalian gut.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Lactobacillus is classified as a bacterium that produces lactic acid commercially.
Reason (R): Lactobacillus is a non-pathogenic, eukaryotic micro-organism commonly found
inside the mammalian gut.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
67.Which of the following organisms and processes are associated with the commercial and
industrial production of ethanol in NCERT?
I. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for commercial production of ethanol.
II. Monascus purpureus is the primary yeast used to synthesize industrial ethanol.
III. Organic acids like citric acid are used as catalytic enzymes to accelerate commercial ethanol
synthesis.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
industrial production of ethanol in NCERT?
I. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for commercial production of ethanol.
II. Monascus purpureus is the primary yeast used to synthesize industrial ethanol.
III. Organic acids like citric acid are used as catalytic enzymes to accelerate commercial ethanol
synthesis.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
68.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Aspergillus niger is utilized for the commercial production of citric acid.
Reason (R): Aspergillus niger is a filamentous, multicellular bacterium belonging to Kingdom
Monera.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Aspergillus niger is utilized for the commercial production of citric acid.
Reason (R): Aspergillus niger is a filamentous, multicellular bacterium belonging to Kingdom
Monera.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
69.Which of the following organic acid producers studied under industrial microbiology are
correctly paired with their taxonomic category in NCERT?
I. Aspergillus niger – Fungus
II. Acetobacter aceti – Bacterium
III. Clostridium butylicum – Yeast
IV. Lactobacillus – Bacterium
Choose the correct option:
correctly paired with their taxonomic category in NCERT?
I. Aspergillus niger – Fungus
II. Acetobacter aceti – Bacterium
III. Clostridium butylicum – Yeast
IV. Lactobacillus – Bacterium
Choose the correct option:
70.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Clostridium butylicum is industrially utilized to produce butyric acid.
Reason (R): Clostridium butylicum is a pathogenic, Gram-negative, aerobic fungus commonly
found in fermenting fruit juices.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Clostridium butylicum is industrially utilized to produce butyric acid.
Reason (R): Clostridium butylicum is a pathogenic, Gram-negative, aerobic fungus commonly
found in fermenting fruit juices.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
71.Which of the following organic acids is/are correctly matched with their producing
microbial species in NCERT?
I. Citric acid – Aspergillus niger
II. Acetic acid – Acetobacter aceti
III. Butyric acid – Lactobacillus
IV. Lactic acid – Clostridium butylicum
Choose the correct option:
microbial species in NCERT?
I. Citric acid – Aspergillus niger
II. Acetic acid – Acetobacter aceti
III. Butyric acid – Lactobacillus
IV. Lactic acid – Clostridium butylicum
Choose the correct option:
72.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Lactobacillus is industrially categorized as a primary acid producer.
Reason (R): Lactobacillus is a bacterium that is utilized for the commercial and industrial
production of lactic acid.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Lactobacillus is industrially categorized as a primary acid producer.
Reason (R): Lactobacillus is a bacterium that is utilized for the commercial and industrial
production of lactic acid.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
73.Which of the following details regarding the commercial production of ethanol is/are
correct according to NCERT?
I. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is utilized for its production.
II. Fermentors are required to grow the yeast on an industrial scale.
III. The process yields butyric acid as a crucial commercial co-product.
Choose the correct option:
correct according to NCERT?
I. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is utilized for its production.
II. Fermentors are required to grow the yeast on an industrial scale.
III. The process yields butyric acid as a crucial commercial co-product.
Choose the correct option:
74.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Diphtheria is a deadly disease that used to kill millions all over the globe before
the discovery of antibiotics.
Reason (R): Diphtheria is referred to by the Hindi vernacular name 'kali khansi' in the NCERT
text.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Diphtheria is a deadly disease that used to kill millions all over the globe before
the discovery of antibiotics.
Reason (R): Diphtheria is referred to by the Hindi vernacular name 'kali khansi' in the NCERT
text.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
75.According to the NCERT text, microbes are used for the commercial and industrial
production of which of the following categories of chemicals?
I. Organic acids
II. Alcohols
III. Enzymes
IV. Inorganic salts
Choose the correct option:
production of which of the following categories of chemicals?
I. Organic acids
II. Alcohols
III. Enzymes
IV. Inorganic salts
Choose the correct option:
76.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely cultivated in industrial fermentors across the
globe.
Reason (R): Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a highly efficient yeast species utilized for the
commercial production of ethanol.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely cultivated in industrial fermentors across the
globe.
Reason (R): Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a highly efficient yeast species utilized for the
commercial production of ethanol.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
77.Consider the following statements regarding the citric acid producer Aspergillus niger:
I. It is a fungus that belongs to Kingdom Fungi.
II. It is commercially grown to produce citric acid.
III. It is classified in the same taxonomic Kingdom as the bacterium Acetobacter aceti.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. It is a fungus that belongs to Kingdom Fungi.
II. It is commercially grown to produce citric acid.
III. It is classified in the same taxonomic Kingdom as the bacterium Acetobacter aceti.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
78.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Clostridium butylicum is a bacterium that is utilized to produce butyric acid
industrially.
Reason (R): Clostridium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotic yeasts that ferment malted cereals
into butyric acid.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Clostridium butylicum is a bacterium that is utilized to produce butyric acid
industrially.
Reason (R): Clostridium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotic yeasts that ferment malted cereals
into butyric acid.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
79.Which of the following organic acids are correctly paired with their industrial microbial
sources in NCERT?
I. Citric acid – Aspergillus niger
II. Acetic acid – Acetobacter aceti
III. Butyric acid – Clostridium butylicum
IV. Lactic acid – Lactobacillus
Choose the correct option:
sources in NCERT?
I. Citric acid – Aspergillus niger
II. Acetic acid – Acetobacter aceti
III. Butyric acid – Clostridium butylicum
IV. Lactic acid – Lactobacillus
Choose the correct option:
80.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely known as brewer's yeast in industrial
microbiology.
Reason (R): It is the specific yeast species utilized for the commercial and industrial production
of ethanol.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely known as brewer's yeast in industrial
microbiology.
Reason (R): It is the specific yeast species utilized for the commercial and industrial production
of ethanol.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
81.Which of the following diseases are explicitly listed in NCERT Chapter 8 as deadly diseases
that have been controlled to a large extent by the use of antibiotics?
I. Plague
II. Whooping cough
III. Diphtheria
IV. Leprosy
Choose the correct option:
that have been controlled to a large extent by the use of antibiotics?
I. Plague
II. Whooping cough
III. Diphtheria
IV. Leprosy
Choose the correct option:
82.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Aspergillus niger is widely cultivated in industrial fermentors during the
commercial production of citric acid.
Reason (R): Aspergillus niger is a bacterium that actively synthesizes and secretes citric acid as
an extracellular byproduct of its aerobic respiration.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Aspergillus niger is widely cultivated in industrial fermentors during the
commercial production of citric acid.
Reason (R): Aspergillus niger is a bacterium that actively synthesizes and secretes citric acid as
an extracellular byproduct of its aerobic respiration.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
83.Consider the following statements regarding the acetic acid producer Acetobacter aceti:
I. It is a bacterium that belongs to Kingdom Monera.
II. It is commercially utilized for the industrial production of acetic acid.
III. It is classified in the same taxonomic Kingdom as the citric acid producer Aspergillus niger.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. It is a bacterium that belongs to Kingdom Monera.
II. It is commercially utilized for the industrial production of acetic acid.
III. It is classified in the same taxonomic Kingdom as the citric acid producer Aspergillus niger.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
84.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Clostridium butylicum is industrially utilized to produce butyric acid.
Reason (R): Clostridium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotic yeasts that ferment malted cereals
into butyric acid.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Clostridium butylicum is industrially utilized to produce butyric acid.
Reason (R): Clostridium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotic yeasts that ferment malted cereals
into butyric acid.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
85.Which of the following organic acids are correctly paired with their industrial microbial
sources in NCERT?
I. Citric acid – Aspergillus niger
II. Acetic acid – Acetobacter aceti
III. Butyric acid – Clostridium butylicum
IV. Lactic acid – Lactobacillus
Choose the correct option:
sources in NCERT?
I. Citric acid – Aspergillus niger
II. Acetic acid – Acetobacter aceti
III. Butyric acid – Clostridium butylicum
IV. Lactic acid – Lactobacillus
Choose the correct option:
86.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely known as brewer's yeast in industrial
microbiology.
Reason (R): It is the specific yeast species utilized for the commercial and industrial production
of ethanol.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely known as brewer's yeast in industrial
microbiology.
Reason (R): It is the specific yeast species utilized for the commercial and industrial production
of ethanol.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
87.Which of the following diseases are explicitly listed in NCERT Chapter 8 as deadly diseases
that have been controlled to a large extent by the use of antibiotics?
I. Plague
II. Whooping cough
III. Diphtheria
IV. Leprosy
Choose the correct option:
that have been controlled to a large extent by the use of antibiotics?
I. Plague
II. Whooping cough
III. Diphtheria
IV. Leprosy
Choose the correct option:
88.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Aspergillus niger is widely cultivated in industrial fermentors during the
commercial production of citric acid.
Reason (R): Aspergillus niger is a bacterium that actively synthesizes and secretes citric acid as
an extracellular byproduct of its aerobic respiration.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Aspergillus niger is widely cultivated in industrial fermentors during the
commercial production of citric acid.
Reason (R): Aspergillus niger is a bacterium that actively synthesizes and secretes citric acid as
an extracellular byproduct of its aerobic respiration.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
89.Consider the following statements regarding the acetic acid producer Acetobacter aceti:
I. It is a bacterium that belongs to Kingdom Monera.
II. It is commercially utilized for the industrial production of acetic acid.
III. It is classified in the same taxonomic Kingdom as the citric acid producer Aspergillus niger.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. It is a bacterium that belongs to Kingdom Monera.
II. It is commercially utilized for the industrial production of acetic acid.
III. It is classified in the same taxonomic Kingdom as the citric acid producer Aspergillus niger.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
90.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Clostridium butylicum is a bacterium that is utilized to produce butyric acid
industrially.
Reason (R): Clostridium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotic yeasts that ferment malted cereals
into butyric acid.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Clostridium butylicum is a bacterium that is utilized to produce butyric acid
industrially.
Reason (R): Clostridium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotic yeasts that ferment malted cereals
into butyric acid.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
91.Consider the following statements regarding the industrial application of lipases:
I. Lipases are widely used in detergent formulations.
II. They are helpful in removing protein-based stains from standard laundry.
III. Lipases are produced commercially using various fungal and bacterial species.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Lipases are widely used in detergent formulations.
II. They are helpful in removing protein-based stains from standard laundry.
III. Lipases are produced commercially using various fungal and bacterial species.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
92.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Bottled fruit juices bought from the market are clearer as compared to those
made at home.
Reason (R): Commercially bottled juices are clarified by the enzymatic action of amylases and
cellulases.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Bottled fruit juices bought from the market are clearer as compared to those
made at home.
Reason (R): Commercially bottled juices are clarified by the enzymatic action of amylases and
cellulases.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
93.Consider the following statements regarding the production and clinical use of
Streptokinase:
I. Streptokinase is produced by the bacterium Streptococcus and modified by genetic
engineering.
II. It is used as a 'clot buster' to remove clots from the blood vessels of patients.
III. The clinical indication for Streptokinase administration is cerebral stroke leading to
paralysis.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Streptokinase:
I. Streptokinase is produced by the bacterium Streptococcus and modified by genetic
engineering.
II. It is used as a 'clot buster' to remove clots from the blood vessels of patients.
III. The clinical indication for Streptokinase administration is cerebral stroke leading to
paralysis.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
94.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Cyclosporin A is a bioactive molecule used as an immunosuppressive agent in
organ-transplant patients.
Reason (R): Cyclosporin A is produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus through competitive
inhibition of T-cell receptors.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Cyclosporin A is a bioactive molecule used as an immunosuppressive agent in
organ-transplant patients.
Reason (R): Cyclosporin A is produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus through competitive
inhibition of T-cell receptors.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
95.Consider the following statements regarding the bioactive molecules called statins:
I. Statins are produced commercially by the yeast Monascus purpureus.
II. They have been commercialised as blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
III. Statins act by non-competitively inhibiting the enzymes responsible for lipid digestion in the
small intestine.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Statins are produced commercially by the yeast Monascus purpureus.
II. They have been commercialised as blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
III. Statins act by non-competitively inhibiting the enzymes responsible for lipid digestion in the
small intestine.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
96.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Streptokinase is administered intravenously to dissolve pathological blood clots in
cardiac patients.
Reason (R): The Streptokinase gene was cloned from Streptococcus and modified via genetic
engineering to perform targeted thrombolysis.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Streptokinase is administered intravenously to dissolve pathological blood clots in
cardiac patients.
Reason (R): The Streptokinase gene was cloned from Streptococcus and modified via genetic
engineering to perform targeted thrombolysis.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
97.Consider the following pairings of bioactive molecules, their producing organisms, and
their clinical applications:
I. Cyclosporin A – Trichoderma polysporum (fungus) – Immunosuppressive agent
II. Statins – Monascus purpureus (yeast) – Blood-cholesterol lowering agent
III. Streptokinase – Streptococcus (bacterium) – Clot buster
Which of the pairings given above are completely correct according to NCERT?
their clinical applications:
I. Cyclosporin A – Trichoderma polysporum (fungus) – Immunosuppressive agent
II. Statins – Monascus purpureus (yeast) – Blood-cholesterol lowering agent
III. Streptokinase – Streptococcus (bacterium) – Clot buster
Which of the pairings given above are completely correct according to NCERT?
98.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Statins are blood-cholesterol lowering agents commercialised for human therapy.
Reason (R): Monascus purpureus is a filamentous bacterium belonging to Kingdom Monera
that synthesizes statins.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Statins are blood-cholesterol lowering agents commercialised for human therapy.
Reason (R): Monascus purpureus is a filamentous bacterium belonging to Kingdom Monera
that synthesizes statins.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
99.Which of the following statements regarding the biochemical action of lipases in laundry
is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. Lipases act by hydrolysing the ester bonds present in lipid stains.
II. They are specifically used in laundry detergents to remove oily stains.
III. The addition of lipases allows detergents to remove grease stains at extremely high
temperature settings.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct according to the target text?
(Stick strictly to facts explicitly mentioned in Chapter 8)
is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. Lipases act by hydrolysing the ester bonds present in lipid stains.
II. They are specifically used in laundry detergents to remove oily stains.
III. The addition of lipases allows detergents to remove grease stains at extremely high
temperature settings.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct according to the target text?
(Stick strictly to facts explicitly mentioned in Chapter 8)
100.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Market-bought bottled fruit juices are visibly clearer compared to home-
extracted fresh juices.
Reason (R): Pectin and proteins present in the fruit pulp are degraded using commercial
pectinases and proteases during bottling.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Market-bought bottled fruit juices are visibly clearer compared to home-
extracted fresh juices.
Reason (R): Pectin and proteins present in the fruit pulp are degraded using commercial
pectinases and proteases during bottling.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
101.Which of the following statements regarding the production and source of Streptokinase
is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. It is produced by the bacterium Streptococcus.
II. It is modified by genetic engineering for clinical deployment.
III. It is extracted directly from the cardiac tissues of patients who survived heart attacks.
Choose the correct option:
is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. It is produced by the bacterium Streptococcus.
II. It is modified by genetic engineering for clinical deployment.
III. It is extracted directly from the cardiac tissues of patients who survived heart attacks.
Choose the correct option:
102.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Cyclosporin A is a vital drug administered to prevent graft rejection in organ-
transplant recipients.
Reason (R): Trichoderma polysporum is a bacterium belonging to Kingdom Monera that
naturally synthesizes Cyclosporin A.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Cyclosporin A is a vital drug administered to prevent graft rejection in organ-
transplant recipients.
Reason (R): Trichoderma polysporum is a bacterium belonging to Kingdom Monera that
naturally synthesizes Cyclosporin A.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
103.Which of the following statements regarding the mechanism of action of statins is/are
correct according to NCERT?
I. Statins act by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis.
II. They competitively bind to cholesterol molecules in the blood, causing them to precipitate
and clear.
III. They non-competitively block HMG-CoA reductase in a cell-free environment.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct according to the target text?
(Adhere strictly to literal NCERT terminology)
correct according to NCERT?
I. Statins act by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis.
II. They competitively bind to cholesterol molecules in the blood, causing them to precipitate
and clear.
III. They non-competitively block HMG-CoA reductase in a cell-free environment.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct according to the target text?
(Adhere strictly to literal NCERT terminology)
104.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Statins are commercialized as effective blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
Reason (R): Statins are produced by Monascus purpureus, which is a species of yeast.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Statins are commercialized as effective blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
Reason (R): Statins are produced by Monascus purpureus, which is a species of yeast.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
105.Which of the following industrial enzymes are correctly paired with their substrates or
applications in NCERT?
I. Lipases – Detergent formulations / oily stains
II. Pectinases & Proteases – Bottled fruit juice clarification
III. Amylases – Removing grease from woolen fabrics
Choose the correct option:
applications in NCERT?
I. Lipases – Detergent formulations / oily stains
II. Pectinases & Proteases – Bottled fruit juice clarification
III. Amylases – Removing grease from woolen fabrics
Choose the correct option:
106.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Patients undergoing myocardial infarction are treated with Streptokinase as a
clot buster.
Reason (R): Streptococcus is a fungus that naturally produces high concentrations of
extracellular Streptokinase during anaerobic fermentation.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Patients undergoing myocardial infarction are treated with Streptokinase as a
clot buster.
Reason (R): Streptococcus is a fungus that naturally produces high concentrations of
extracellular Streptokinase during anaerobic fermentation.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
107.Which of the following details regarding the bioactive molecule Cyclosporin A is/are
correct according to NCERT?
I. It is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
II. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients.
III. It is administered to stimulate the patient's immune system during cancer immunotherapy.
Choose the correct option:
correct according to NCERT?
I. It is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
II. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients.
III. It is administered to stimulate the patient's immune system during cancer immunotherapy.
Choose the correct option:
108.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Statins are effective agents in lowering blood-cholesterol levels in
hypercholesterolemic patients.
Reason (R): Statins act by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of
cholesterol in the body.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Statins are effective agents in lowering blood-cholesterol levels in
hypercholesterolemic patients.
Reason (R): Statins act by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of
cholesterol in the body.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
109.Which of the following clinical events is the primary indication for Streptokinase
administration according to NCERT?
I. Myocardial infarction
II. Heart attack
III. Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
Choose the correct option:
administration according to NCERT?
I. Myocardial infarction
II. Heart attack
III. Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
Choose the correct option:
110.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Cyclosporin A is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
Reason (R): Trichoderma polysporum belongs to the same genus as the biocontrol agent utilized
to treat plant diseases.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Cyclosporin A is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
Reason (R): Trichoderma polysporum belongs to the same genus as the biocontrol agent utilized
to treat plant diseases.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
111.Which of the following statements regarding industrial enzyme sources is/are correct
according to NCERT?
I. Pectinases and proteases are used together to clarify bottled fruit juices.
II. Lipases are specifically used in laundry to digest starch-based grease stains.
III. Microbes are the primary biological sources for commercial pectinases and proteases.
Choose the correct option:
according to NCERT?
I. Pectinases and proteases are used together to clarify bottled fruit juices.
II. Lipases are specifically used in laundry to digest starch-based grease stains.
III. Microbes are the primary biological sources for commercial pectinases and proteases.
Choose the correct option:
112.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Streptokinase is administered to patients immediately after they undergo
myocardial infarction.
Reason (R): Streptokinase acts as a clot buster that removes pathological clots blocking the
coronary blood vessels.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Streptokinase is administered to patients immediately after they undergo
myocardial infarction.
Reason (R): Streptokinase acts as a clot buster that removes pathological clots blocking the
coronary blood vessels.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
113.Which of the following statements regarding the statin-producing yeast Monascus
purpureus is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. It is a eukaryotic micro-organism belonging to Kingdom Fungi.
II. It is commercially grown to produce blood-cholesterol lowering statins.
III. It is classified in the same Kingdom as the bacterium Streptococcus.
Choose the correct option:
purpureus is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. It is a eukaryotic micro-organism belonging to Kingdom Fungi.
II. It is commercially grown to produce blood-cholesterol lowering statins.
III. It is classified in the same Kingdom as the bacterium Streptococcus.
Choose the correct option:
114.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Cyclosporin A is produced commercially by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
Reason (R): Trichoderma is a genus of unicellular eukaryotic yeasts that ferment palm sap into
Cyclosporin A.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Cyclosporin A is produced commercially by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
Reason (R): Trichoderma is a genus of unicellular eukaryotic yeasts that ferment palm sap into
Cyclosporin A.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
115.Which of the following bioactive molecules are correctly matched with their commercial
producing organisms in NCERT?
I. Streptokinase – Streptococcus
II. Cyclosporin A – Trichoderma polysporum
III. Statins – Monascus purpureus
Choose the correct option:
producing organisms in NCERT?
I. Streptokinase – Streptococcus
II. Cyclosporin A – Trichoderma polysporum
III. Statins – Monascus purpureus
Choose the correct option:
116.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Streptokinase is administered to patients immediately after they undergo
myocardial infarction.
Reason (R): Streptokinase acts as a clot buster that removes pathological clots blocking the
coronary blood vessels.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Streptokinase is administered to patients immediately after they undergo
myocardial infarction.
Reason (R): Streptokinase acts as a clot buster that removes pathological clots blocking the
coronary blood vessels.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
117.Which of the following statements regarding the statin-producing yeast Monascus
purpureus is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. It is a eukaryotic micro-organism belonging to Kingdom Fungi.
II. It is commercially grown to produce blood-cholesterol lowering statins.
III. It is classified in the same Kingdom as the bacterium Streptococcus.
Choose the correct option:
purpureus is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. It is a eukaryotic micro-organism belonging to Kingdom Fungi.
II. It is commercially grown to produce blood-cholesterol lowering statins.
III. It is classified in the same Kingdom as the bacterium Streptococcus.
Choose the correct option:
118.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Cyclosporin A is produced commercially by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
Reason (R): Trichoderma is a genus of unicellular eukaryotic yeasts that ferment palm sap into
Cyclosporin A.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Cyclosporin A is produced commercially by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
Reason (R): Trichoderma is a genus of unicellular eukaryotic yeasts that ferment palm sap into
Cyclosporin A.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
119.Which of the following bioactive molecules are correctly matched with their commercial
producing organisms in NCERT?
I. Streptokinase – Streptococcus
II. Cyclosporin A – Trichoderma polysporum
III. Statins – Monascus purpureus
Choose the correct option:
producing organisms in NCERT?
I. Streptokinase – Streptococcus
II. Cyclosporin A – Trichoderma polysporum
III. Statins – Monascus purpureus
Choose the correct option:
120.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Statins are commercialised as effective blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
Reason (R): Statins are produced by Monascus purpureus, which is a species of yeast.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Statins are commercialised as effective blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
Reason (R): Statins are produced by Monascus purpureus, which is a species of yeast.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
121.Consider the following statements regarding the characteristics of municipal waste-water
(sewage):
I. A major component of sewage is human excreta.
II. Sewage contains large amounts of organic matter and microbes, many of which are
pathogenic.
III. The microbes responsible for sewage treatment are primarily autotrophic prokaryotes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(sewage):
I. A major component of sewage is human excreta.
II. Sewage contains large amounts of organic matter and microbes, many of which are
pathogenic.
III. The microbes responsible for sewage treatment are primarily autotrophic prokaryotes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
122.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Primary treatment of sewage basically involves the physical removal of large and
small particles through filtration and sedimentation.
Reason (R): During primary treatment, floating debris is first removed by sedimentation,
followed by sequential filtration to remove grit.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Primary treatment of sewage basically involves the physical removal of large and
small particles through filtration and sedimentation.
Reason (R): During primary treatment, floating debris is first removed by sedimentation,
followed by sequential filtration to remove grit.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
123.Consider the following statements regarding the outputs of primary sewage treatment:
I. All solids that settle during primary sedimentation form the primary sludge.
II. The supernatant liquid that remains above the settled solids forms the effluent.
III. The primary sludge is directly taken to large aeration tanks for secondary biological
treatment.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. All solids that settle during primary sedimentation form the primary sludge.
II. The supernatant liquid that remains above the settled solids forms the effluent.
III. The primary sludge is directly taken to large aeration tanks for secondary biological
treatment.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
124.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the secondary aeration tanks, the primary effluent is constantly agitated
mechanically and air is pumped into it.
Reason (R): Constant mechanical agitation and air pumping allow the vigorous growth of useful
aerobic microbes into flocs.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): In the secondary aeration tanks, the primary effluent is constantly agitated
mechanically and air is pumped into it.
Reason (R): Constant mechanical agitation and air pumping allow the vigorous growth of useful
aerobic microbes into flocs.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
125.According to the precise NCERT definition, what are 'flocs' in the context of secondary
sewage treatment?
I. Masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh-like structures.
II. Large colonies of autotrophic algae associated with virus particles.
III. Thick sheets of anaerobic bacteria growing on the surface of primary sludge.
Choose the correct option:
sewage treatment?
I. Masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh-like structures.
II. Large colonies of autotrophic algae associated with virus particles.
III. Thick sheets of anaerobic bacteria growing on the surface of primary sludge.
Choose the correct option:
126.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): During secondary treatment, the growth of flocs significantly reduces the
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the effluent.
Reason (R): The aerobic microbes in the flocs consume a major part of the organic matter
present in the primary effluent as they grow.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): During secondary treatment, the growth of flocs significantly reduces the
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the effluent.
Reason (R): The aerobic microbes in the flocs consume a major part of the organic matter
present in the primary effluent as they grow.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
127.Consider the following statements regarding the quantitative definition of Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD):
I. BOD refers to the amount of oxygen consumed if all organic matter in ten liters of water were
oxidised by bacteria.
II. The BOD test measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in a sample of
water.
III. Indirectly, BOD is a measure of the organic matter present in the water.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Oxygen Demand (BOD):
I. BOD refers to the amount of oxygen consumed if all organic matter in ten liters of water were
oxidised by bacteria.
II. The BOD test measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in a sample of
water.
III. Indirectly, BOD is a measure of the organic matter present in the water.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
128.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The greater the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of a wastewater sample, the
lesser is its polluting potential.
Reason (R): A high BOD value indicates that a large amount of dissolved oxygen is already
present in the wastewater, making it clean.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The greater the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of a wastewater sample, the
lesser is its polluting potential.
Reason (R): A high BOD value indicates that a large amount of dissolved oxygen is already
present in the wastewater, making it clean.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
129.Consider the following statements comparing primary and secondary sewage treatment:
I. Primary treatment is a biological process utilizing microbes, whereas secondary treatment is a
purely physical process.
II. Secondary treatment requires mechanical aeration, whereas primary treatment relies on
physical gravity sedimentation.
III. The output of primary treatment is effluent, which serves as the input substrate for
secondary treatment.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Primary treatment is a biological process utilizing microbes, whereas secondary treatment is a
purely physical process.
II. Secondary treatment requires mechanical aeration, whereas primary treatment relies on
physical gravity sedimentation.
III. The output of primary treatment is effluent, which serves as the input substrate for
secondary treatment.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
130.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is a direct chemical titration of the
total organic carbon content in a sewage sample.
Reason (R): The BOD test measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in a
sample of water over time.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is a direct chemical titration of the
total organic carbon content in a sewage sample.
Reason (R): The BOD test measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in a
sample of water over time.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
131.According to the NCERT text, what is specifically removed during the sedimentation
phase of primary sewage treatment?
I. Floating debris like plastic bags and leaves.
II. Grit, which is defined as soil and small pebbles.
III. Dissolved organic acids and microbial flocs.
Choose the correct option:
phase of primary sewage treatment?
I. Floating debris like plastic bags and leaves.
II. Grit, which is defined as soil and small pebbles.
III. Dissolved organic acids and microbial flocs.
Choose the correct option:
132.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The liquid effluent collected from the primary settling tank is directly routed into
the secondary aeration tanks.
Reason (R): The primary effluent contains dissolved organic matter that serves as the nutrient
substrate for aerobic microbes during biological treatment.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The liquid effluent collected from the primary settling tank is directly routed into
the secondary aeration tanks.
Reason (R): The primary effluent contains dissolved organic matter that serves as the nutrient
substrate for aerobic microbes during biological treatment.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
133.Which of the following statements regarding the structural configuration of flocs is/are
correct according to NCERT?
I. Flocs are mesh-like structures formed by the association of bacteria and fungal filaments.
II. The fungal filaments form a physical scaffold that traps bacterial masses.
III. Flocs are primarily composed of anaerobic methanogens associated with flagellated
protozoans.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
correct according to NCERT?
I. Flocs are mesh-like structures formed by the association of bacteria and fungal filaments.
II. The fungal filaments form a physical scaffold that traps bacterial masses.
III. Flocs are primarily composed of anaerobic methanogens associated with flagellated
protozoans.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
134.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) serves as a direct, highly specific
measurement of the exact concentration of pathogenic bacteria in sewage.
Reason (R): A higher BOD value indicates a lower quantity of organic matter in the water
sample, showing that biological treatment is complete.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) serves as a direct, highly specific
measurement of the exact concentration of pathogenic bacteria in sewage.
Reason (R): A higher BOD value indicates a lower quantity of organic matter in the water
sample, showing that biological treatment is complete.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
135.Which of the following physical operations is/are carried out during the primary
treatment of municipal sewage?
I. Sequential filtration
II. Sedimentation
III. Activated sludge recycling
Choose the correct option:
treatment of municipal sewage?
I. Sequential filtration
II. Sedimentation
III. Activated sludge recycling
Choose the correct option:
136.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Constantly agitating the primary effluent mechanically in aeration tanks is
essential for secondary treatment.
Reason (R): Agitation prevents the aerobic microbes from aggregating into large, settled masses
called activated sludge too early.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Constantly agitating the primary effluent mechanically in aeration tanks is
essential for secondary treatment.
Reason (R): Agitation prevents the aerobic microbes from aggregating into large, settled masses
called activated sludge too early.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
137.Consider the following statements regarding the physical settling of particles in the
primary settling tank:
I. All floating debris and floating oils settle to form the primary sludge.
II. The solid particles like grit (soil and small pebbles) settle to form the primary sludge.
III. The floating debris is removed in a separate stage by sequential filtration before
sedimentation.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
primary settling tank:
I. All floating debris and floating oils settle to form the primary sludge.
II. The solid particles like grit (soil and small pebbles) settle to form the primary sludge.
III. The floating debris is removed in a separate stage by sequential filtration before
sedimentation.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
138.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Municipal wastewater (sewage) cannot be discharged directly into natural water
bodies like rivers and streams.
Reason (R): Sewage contains large amounts of organic matter and microbes, many of which are
highly pathogenic to humans.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Municipal wastewater (sewage) cannot be discharged directly into natural water
bodies like rivers and streams.
Reason (R): Sewage contains large amounts of organic matter and microbes, many of which are
highly pathogenic to humans.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
139.Which of the following statements regarding the microbes responsible for secondary
sewage treatment is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. The treatment relies entirely on heterotrophic microbes.
II. These microbes are naturally present in the sewage wastewater.
III. The system requires the continuous inoculation of genetically engineered, synthetic
autotrophic bacterial strains.
Choose the correct option:
sewage treatment is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. The treatment relies entirely on heterotrophic microbes.
II. These microbes are naturally present in the sewage wastewater.
III. The system requires the continuous inoculation of genetically engineered, synthetic
autotrophic bacterial strains.
Choose the correct option:
140.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is an indirect measure of the
organic matter present in a water sample.
Reason (R): The BOD test directly measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in
the water sample.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is an indirect measure of the
organic matter present in a water sample.
Reason (R): The BOD test directly measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in
the water sample.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
141.According to the NCERT text, the secondary biological treatment of sewage water is
actively continued until which of the following endpoints is achieved?
I. The total volume of wastewater has been reduced by half through evaporation.
II. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the sewage water is significantly reduced.
III. All heterotrophic bacteria have been completely digested by anaerobic species.
Choose the correct option:
actively continued until which of the following endpoints is achieved?
I. The total volume of wastewater has been reduced by half through evaporation.
II. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the sewage water is significantly reduced.
III. All heterotrophic bacteria have been completely digested by anaerobic species.
Choose the correct option:
142.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Flocs form highly stable, mesh-like physical aggregates in the secondary aeration
tank.
Reason (R): Flocs are composed of masses of aerobic bacteria associated with long fungal
filaments.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Flocs form highly stable, mesh-like physical aggregates in the secondary aeration
tank.
Reason (R): Flocs are composed of masses of aerobic bacteria associated with long fungal
filaments.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
143.Which of the following metric coordinates is/are correct regarding the biological
definition of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)?
I. The volume of water used as the standard is exactly one liter.
II. The standard incubation temperature is exactly 100°C.
III. The organic matter is oxidized completely by autotrophic cyanobacteria.
Choose the correct option:
definition of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)?
I. The volume of water used as the standard is exactly one liter.
II. The standard incubation temperature is exactly 100°C.
III. The organic matter is oxidized completely by autotrophic cyanobacteria.
Choose the correct option:
144.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Agitating the effluent and pumping air into it are mandatory physical inputs
during the biological phase of sewage treatment.
Reason (R): The heterotrophic microbes in the flocs require a constant supply of dissolved
oxygen to perform aerobic digestion of organic matter.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Agitating the effluent and pumping air into it are mandatory physical inputs
during the biological phase of sewage treatment.
Reason (R): The heterotrophic microbes in the flocs require a constant supply of dissolved
oxygen to perform aerobic digestion of organic matter.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
145.Consider the following statements regarding the physical settling of particles in the
primary settling tank:
I. All floating debris and floating oils settle to form the primary sludge.
II. The solid particles like grit (soil and small pebbles) settle to form the primary sludge.
III. The floating debris is removed in a separate stage by sequential filtration before
sedimentation.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
primary settling tank:
I. All floating debris and floating oils settle to form the primary sludge.
II. The solid particles like grit (soil and small pebbles) settle to form the primary sludge.
III. The floating debris is removed in a separate stage by sequential filtration before
sedimentation.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
146.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Municipal wastewater (sewage) cannot be discharged directly into natural water
bodies like rivers and streams.
Reason (R): Sewage contains large amounts of organic matter and microbes, many of which are
highly pathogenic to humans.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Municipal wastewater (sewage) cannot be discharged directly into natural water
bodies like rivers and streams.
Reason (R): Sewage contains large amounts of organic matter and microbes, many of which are
highly pathogenic to humans.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
147.Which of the following statements regarding the microbes responsible for secondary
sewage treatment is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. The treatment relies entirely on heterotrophic microbes.
II. These microbes are naturally present in the sewage wastewater.
III. The system requires the continuous inoculation of genetically engineered, synthetic
autotrophic bacterial strains.
Choose the correct option:
sewage treatment is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. The treatment relies entirely on heterotrophic microbes.
II. These microbes are naturally present in the sewage wastewater.
III. The system requires the continuous inoculation of genetically engineered, synthetic
autotrophic bacterial strains.
Choose the correct option:
148.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is an indirect measure of the
organic matter present in a water sample.
Reason (R): The BOD test directly measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in
the water sample.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test is an indirect measure of the
organic matter present in a water sample.
Reason (R): The BOD test directly measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in
the water sample.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
149.According to the NCERT text, the secondary biological treatment of sewage water is
actively continued until which of the following endpoints is achieved?
I. The total volume of wastewater has been reduced by half through evaporation.
II. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the sewage water is significantly reduced.
III. All heterotrophic bacteria have been completely digested by anaerobic species.
Choose the correct option:
actively continued until which of the following endpoints is achieved?
I. The total volume of wastewater has been reduced by half through evaporation.
II. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the sewage water is significantly reduced.
III. All heterotrophic bacteria have been completely digested by anaerobic species.
Choose the correct option:
150.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Flocs form highly stable, mesh-like physical aggregates in the secondary aeration
tank.
Reason (R): Flocs are composed of masses of aerobic bacteria associated with long fungal
filaments.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Flocs form highly stable, mesh-like physical aggregates in the secondary aeration
tank.
Reason (R): Flocs are composed of masses of aerobic bacteria associated with long fungal
filaments.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
151.Consider the following statements regarding the settling of flocs after secondary
biological digestion:
I. Once the BOD is significantly reduced, the effluent is passed into a settling tank.
II. In the settling tank, the bacterial 'flocs' are allowed to sediment to form primary sludge.
III. A small part of this sedimented activated sludge is pumped back into the primary settling
tank.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
biological digestion:
I. Once the BOD is significantly reduced, the effluent is passed into a settling tank.
II. In the settling tank, the bacterial 'flocs' are allowed to sediment to form primary sludge.
III. A small part of this sedimented activated sludge is pumped back into the primary settling
tank.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
152.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A small fraction of the activated sludge collected from the secondary settling tank
is actively recycled back into the large aeration tanks.
Reason (R): The recycled activated sludge serves as the inoculum containing millions of active
aerobic flocs to digest incoming fresh organic matter.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A small fraction of the activated sludge collected from the secondary settling tank
is actively recycled back into the large aeration tanks.
Reason (R): The recycled activated sludge serves as the inoculum containing millions of active
aerobic flocs to digest incoming fresh organic matter.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
153.Consider the following statements regarding the digestion of sewage sludge in anaerobic
sludge digesters:
I. The remaining major part of the activated sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic
sludge digesters.
II. Aerobic bacteria present in the digesters actively digest the anaerobic species to release
oxygen gas.
III. In these digesters, anaerobic bacteria digest the bacteria and the fungi present in the
activated sludge.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
sludge digesters:
I. The remaining major part of the activated sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic
sludge digesters.
II. Aerobic bacteria present in the digesters actively digest the anaerobic species to release
oxygen gas.
III. In these digesters, anaerobic bacteria digest the bacteria and the fungi present in the
activated sludge.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
154.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): During anaerobic digestion of sludge, a mixture of gases is produced that forms
biogas.
Reason (R): The primary gases produced during this digestion are oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
monoxide.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): During anaerobic digestion of sludge, a mixture of gases is produced that forms
biogas.
Reason (R): The primary gases produced during this digestion are oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
monoxide.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
155.Consider the following statements regarding the history and technical status of sewage
treatment:
I. Microbial treatment of wastewater has been practiced for more than a century in almost all
parts of the world.
II. Recent advancements in biotechnology have allowed synthetic chemical membranes to
completely replace microbial treatment in modern plants.
III. Till date, no man-made technology has been able to rival the microbial treatment of sewage.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
treatment:
I. Microbial treatment of wastewater has been practiced for more than a century in almost all
parts of the world.
II. Recent advancements in biotechnology have allowed synthetic chemical membranes to
completely replace microbial treatment in modern plants.
III. Till date, no man-made technology has been able to rival the microbial treatment of sewage.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
156.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan were initiated to save major
rivers of India from pollution.
Reason (R): These environmental action plans were initiated and are monitored by the Ministry
of Jal Shakti.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan were initiated to save major
rivers of India from pollution.
Reason (R): These environmental action plans were initiated and are monitored by the Ministry
of Jal Shakti.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
157.Which of the following proposals is/are part of the Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans
according to NCERT?
I. To build a large number of sewage treatment plants (STPs) along the rivers.
II. To completely prohibit all municipal sewage generation in cities along the banks.
III. To ensure that only treated sewage may be discharged into the rivers.
Choose the correct option:
according to NCERT?
I. To build a large number of sewage treatment plants (STPs) along the rivers.
II. To completely prohibit all municipal sewage generation in cities along the banks.
III. To ensure that only treated sewage may be discharged into the rivers.
Choose the correct option:
158.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The mixture of gases produced in the anaerobic sludge digesters can be used as a
valuable source of energy.
Reason (R): During the digestion of flocs, the anaerobic bacteria produce methane, which is
highly inflammable.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The mixture of gases produced in the anaerobic sludge digesters can be used as a
valuable source of energy.
Reason (R): During the digestion of flocs, the anaerobic bacteria produce methane, which is
highly inflammable.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
159.Which of the following statements regarding the final step of secondary sewage treatment
is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. The effluent from the secondary treatment plant is generally released into natural water
bodies like rivers and streams.
II. The solid activated sludge is dried and directly dumped into natural water reservoirs to
increase nutrients.
III. The secondary settling tank supernatant is routed back to the primary filtration unit to be
re-filtered.
Choose the correct option:
is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. The effluent from the secondary treatment plant is generally released into natural water
bodies like rivers and streams.
II. The solid activated sludge is dried and directly dumped into natural water reservoirs to
increase nutrients.
III. The secondary settling tank supernatant is routed back to the primary filtration unit to be
re-filtered.
Choose the correct option:
160.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Anaerobic sludge digesters utilize a completely different set of microbes
compared to secondary aeration tanks.
Reason (R): Aeration tanks contain useful aerobic bacteria and fungi (flocs), whereas sludge
digesters contain bacteria that grow anaerobically to digest the flocs.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Anaerobic sludge digesters utilize a completely different set of microbes
compared to secondary aeration tanks.
Reason (R): Aeration tanks contain useful aerobic bacteria and fungi (flocs), whereas sludge
digesters contain bacteria that grow anaerobically to digest the flocs.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
161.Consider the following statements regarding the implementation of the Ganga and
Yamuna Action Plans:
I. Under these plans, it is proposed to build a large number of sewage treatment plants (STPs).
II. The goal is to treat all municipal sewage before discharging it into major rivers.
III. The plans were first initiated in the year 2026 to coincide with the latest reprint of the
NCERT textbook.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Yamuna Action Plans:
I. Under these plans, it is proposed to build a large number of sewage treatment plants (STPs).
II. The goal is to treat all municipal sewage before discharging it into major rivers.
III. The plans were first initiated in the year 2026 to coincide with the latest reprint of the
NCERT textbook.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
162.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Discharge of untreated sewage directly into rivers leads to their severe pollution
and a sharp increase in water-borne diseases.
Reason (R): Untreated sewage is rich in organic matter and pathogens, which accumulate in
aquatic food chains and poison the fish.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Discharge of untreated sewage directly into rivers leads to their severe pollution
and a sharp increase in water-borne diseases.
Reason (R): Untreated sewage is rich in organic matter and pathogens, which accumulate in
aquatic food chains and poison the fish.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
163.Which of the following processes represents the exact fate of the sedimented activated
sludge in the settling tank?
I. A small part is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum.
II. The entire remaining major part is dried and sold commercially as organic fertilizer.
III. The major part is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters.
Choose the correct option:
sludge in the settling tank?
I. A small part is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum.
II. The entire remaining major part is dried and sold commercially as organic fertilizer.
III. The major part is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters.
Choose the correct option:
164.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): During the biological digestion of sludge in anaerobic digesters, biogas is
produced.
Reason (R): The primary inflammable gas produced by the anaerobic bacteria during this
digestion is hydrogen gas (H_2).
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): During the biological digestion of sludge in anaerobic digesters, biogas is
produced.
Reason (R): The primary inflammable gas produced by the anaerobic bacteria during this
digestion is hydrogen gas (H_2).
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
165.According to the concluding sentence of Section 8.3 in NCERT, which of the following
experiences is described as very interesting and educating?
I. A visit to a sewage treatment plant situated in any place near you.
II. A laboratory demonstration of anaerobic sludge digestion inside a test tube.
III. A field trip to trace the exact geographical origin of the Ganga river.
Choose the correct option:
experiences is described as very interesting and educating?
I. A visit to a sewage treatment plant situated in any place near you.
II. A laboratory demonstration of anaerobic sludge digestion inside a test tube.
III. A field trip to trace the exact geographical origin of the Ganga river.
Choose the correct option:
166.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The secondary settling tank supernatant is recycled as the primary inoculum for
the aeration tank.
Reason (R): Supernatant contains the highest density of sedimented flocs that rapidly digest raw
sewage.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The secondary settling tank supernatant is recycled as the primary inoculum for
the aeration tank.
Reason (R): Supernatant contains the highest density of sedimented flocs that rapidly digest raw
sewage.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
167.Which of the following physical events occur inside the secondary settling tank of a
sewage treatment plant?
I. Mechanical agitation is continued aggressively to prevent anaerobic microbial growth.
II. The bacterial flocs are allowed to sediment by gravity.
III. The supernatant liquid is separated as treated effluent to be released into rivers.
Choose the correct option:
sewage treatment plant?
I. Mechanical agitation is continued aggressively to prevent anaerobic microbial growth.
II. The bacterial flocs are allowed to sediment by gravity.
III. The supernatant liquid is separated as treated effluent to be released into rivers.
Choose the correct option:
168.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The gas mixture produced by the anaerobic digestion of flocs is highly
inflammable.
Reason (R): The primary component of this gas mixture is methane gas, which is highly
combustible in the presence of oxygen.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The gas mixture produced by the anaerobic digestion of flocs is highly
inflammable.
Reason (R): The primary component of this gas mixture is methane gas, which is highly
combustible in the presence of oxygen.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
169.Under the Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans, what specific structures are proposed to be
built to save major rivers from pollution?
I. A large number of concrete waste dams to block municipal runoff.
II. A large number of sewage treatment plants (STPs).
III. A large number of artificial marshes to naturally filter city sewage.
Choose the correct option:
built to save major rivers from pollution?
I. A large number of concrete waste dams to block municipal runoff.
II. A large number of sewage treatment plants (STPs).
III. A large number of artificial marshes to naturally filter city sewage.
Choose the correct option:
170.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Anaerobic sludge digesters are highly effective in destroying the organic flocs
produced during secondary treatment.
Reason (R): Anaerobic bacteria present in the digesters use the bacteria and fungi in the flocs as
a primary nutrient source, digesting them.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Anaerobic sludge digesters are highly effective in destroying the organic flocs
produced during secondary treatment.
Reason (R): Anaerobic bacteria present in the digesters use the bacteria and fungi in the flocs as
a primary nutrient source, digesting them.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
171.Which of the following statements regarding the biological nature of sewage microbes
is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. The microbes naturally present in the sewage are primarily autotrophic.
II. Secondary biological treatment is performed by heterotrophic microbes.
III. The bacteria in flocs require a constant supply of methane gas to survive.
Choose the correct option:
is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. The microbes naturally present in the sewage are primarily autotrophic.
II. Secondary biological treatment is performed by heterotrophic microbes.
III. The bacteria in flocs require a constant supply of methane gas to survive.
Choose the correct option:
172.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Ministry of Environment and Forests proposed to build a large number of
sewage treatment plants (STPs) in cities along major rivers.
Reason (R): The primary objective of the Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans is to ensure that only
treated sewage is discharged into these rivers.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The Ministry of Environment and Forests proposed to build a large number of
sewage treatment plants (STPs) in cities along major rivers.
Reason (R): The primary objective of the Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans is to ensure that only
treated sewage is discharged into these rivers.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
173.Which of the following statements regarding the physical output of the primary settling
tank is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. All settled solids form the primary sludge, which is removed from the bottom.
II. The supernatant liquid forms the effluent, which is collected from the top.
III. The primary sludge is directly recycled back to the raw sewage inlet to serve as an
inoculum.
Choose the correct option:
tank is/are correct according to NCERT?
I. All settled solids form the primary sludge, which is removed from the bottom.
II. The supernatant liquid forms the effluent, which is collected from the top.
III. The primary sludge is directly recycled back to the raw sewage inlet to serve as an
inoculum.
Choose the correct option:
174.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Maintaining strict anaerobic conditions inside the sludge digester is mandatory
for biogas production.
Reason (R): The bacteria responsible for digesting the flocs and producing methane can only
grow and metabolize in the absence of oxygen.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Maintaining strict anaerobic conditions inside the sludge digester is mandatory
for biogas production.
Reason (R): The bacteria responsible for digesting the flocs and producing methane can only
grow and metabolize in the absence of oxygen.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
175.What is the exact operational split of the activated sludge collected from the secondary
settling tank?
I. A small part is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum.
II. The remaining major part is pumped into large anaerobic sludge digesters.
III. The entire volume is discharged directly into natural water bodies along with the effluent.
Choose the correct option:
settling tank?
I. A small part is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum.
II. The remaining major part is pumped into large anaerobic sludge digesters.
III. The entire volume is discharged directly into natural water bodies along with the effluent.
Choose the correct option:
176.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Biogas produced during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge contains methane,
hydrogen sulphide, and carbon dioxide.
Reason (R): The primary inflammable gas produced by the anaerobic bacteria during this
digestion is hydrogen gas (H_2).
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Biogas produced during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge contains methane,
hydrogen sulphide, and carbon dioxide.
Reason (R): The primary inflammable gas produced by the anaerobic bacteria during this
digestion is hydrogen gas (H_2).
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
177.According to the concluding sentence of Section 8.3 in NCERT, which of the following
experiences is described as very interesting and educating?
I. A visit to a sewage treatment plant situated in any place near you.
II. A laboratory demonstration of anaerobic sludge digestion inside a test tube.
III. A field trip to trace the exact geographical origin of the Ganga river.
Choose the correct option:
experiences is described as very interesting and educating?
I. A visit to a sewage treatment plant situated in any place near you.
II. A laboratory demonstration of anaerobic sludge digestion inside a test tube.
III. A field trip to trace the exact geographical origin of the Ganga river.
Choose the correct option:
178.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The secondary settling tank supernatant is recycled as the primary inoculum for
the aeration tank.
Reason (R): Supernatant contains the highest density of sedimented flocs that rapidly digest raw
sewage.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The secondary settling tank supernatant is recycled as the primary inoculum for
the aeration tank.
Reason (R): Supernatant contains the highest density of sedimented flocs that rapidly digest raw
sewage.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
179.Which of the following physical events occur inside the secondary settling tank of a
sewage treatment plant?
I. Mechanical agitation is continued aggressively to prevent anaerobic microbial growth.
II. The bacterial flocs are allowed to sediment by gravity.
III. The supernatant liquid is separated as treated effluent to be released into rivers.
Choose the correct option:
sewage treatment plant?
I. Mechanical agitation is continued aggressively to prevent anaerobic microbial growth.
II. The bacterial flocs are allowed to sediment by gravity.
III. The supernatant liquid is separated as treated effluent to be released into rivers.
Choose the correct option:
180.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The gas mixture produced by the anaerobic digestion of flocs is highly
inflammable.
Reason (R): The primary component of this gas mixture is methane gas, which is highly
combustible in the presence of oxygen.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The gas mixture produced by the anaerobic digestion of flocs is highly
inflammable.
Reason (R): The primary component of this gas mixture is methane gas, which is highly
combustible in the presence of oxygen.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
181.Consider the following statements regarding the anaerobic methanogenic bacteria:
I. Certain bacteria which grow anaerobically on cellulosic material produce a large amount of
methane along with carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
II. These bacteria are collectively called methanogens, and one such common bacterium is
Methanobacterium.
III. Methanogens are obligate aerobes commonly found growing in highly aerated activated
sludge tanks.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Certain bacteria which grow anaerobically on cellulosic material produce a large amount of
methane along with carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
II. These bacteria are collectively called methanogens, and one such common bacterium is
Methanobacterium.
III. Methanogens are obligate aerobes commonly found growing in highly aerated activated
sludge tanks.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
182.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The excreta (dung) of cattle, commonly called gobar, is highly rich in
Methanobacterium.
Reason (R): Methanobacterium bacteria are present in the rumen (a part of the stomach) of
cattle, where they break down cellulosic food.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The excreta (dung) of cattle, commonly called gobar, is highly rich in
Methanobacterium.
Reason (R): Methanobacterium bacteria are present in the rumen (a part of the stomach) of
cattle, where they break down cellulosic food.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
183.Consider the following statements regarding the physical structure and dimensions of a
typical biogas plant concrete tank:
I. The concrete tank is exactly 10-15 metres deep to allow anaerobic conditions.
II. Bio-wastes are collected and a slurry of dung is fed directly into this concrete tank.
III. A floating cover is placed over the slurry to rise as gas is produced due to microbial activity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
typical biogas plant concrete tank:
I. The concrete tank is exactly 10-15 metres deep to allow anaerobic conditions.
II. Bio-wastes are collected and a slurry of dung is fed directly into this concrete tank.
III. A floating cover is placed over the slurry to rise as gas is produced due to microbial activity.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
184.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The spent slurry collected from the biogas plant concrete tank is removed
through a separate outlet and can be used as a valuable chemical pesticide.
Reason (R): The spent slurry is highly rich in toxic metabolites and heavy organic compounds
that repel plant diseases and vectors.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The spent slurry collected from the biogas plant concrete tank is removed
through a separate outlet and can be used as a valuable chemical pesticide.
Reason (R): The spent slurry is highly rich in toxic metabolites and heavy organic compounds
that repel plant diseases and vectors.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
185.According to the NCERT text, the technology of biogas production was developed in
India mainly due to the efforts of which of the following organizations?
I. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
II. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
III. Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)
Choose the correct option:
India mainly due to the efforts of which of the following organizations?
I. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
II. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
III. Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)
Choose the correct option:
186.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The organic farmer works to create a agricultural system where pest creatures
are kept at manageable levels rather than completely eradicated.
Reason (R): Eradication of pests is undesirable because beneficial predatory and parasitic
insects which depend upon them as food or hosts would not be able to survive.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The organic farmer works to create a agricultural system where pest creatures
are kept at manageable levels rather than completely eradicated.
Reason (R): Eradication of pests is undesirable because beneficial predatory and parasitic
insects which depend upon them as food or hosts would not be able to survive.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
187.Consider the following statements regarding the predatory insects used as natural
biocontrol agents in agriculture:
I. The ladybird is a beetle with red and black markings useful to get rid of aphids.
II. Dragonflies are flying predatory insects useful to get rid of mosquitoes.
III. Ladybirds are highly specific parasites that infect mosquito larvae inside household coolers.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
biocontrol agents in agriculture:
I. The ladybird is a beetle with red and black markings useful to get rid of aphids.
II. Dragonflies are flying predatory insects useful to get rid of mosquitoes.
III. Ladybirds are highly specific parasites that infect mosquito larvae inside household coolers.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
188.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Methanobacterium bacteria play an essential role in the nutrition of herbivorous
cattle.
Reason (R): These bacteria are present in the rumen (a part of the stomach) where they actively
synthesize chlorophyll to assist in cattle digestion.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Methanobacterium bacteria play an essential role in the nutrition of herbivorous
cattle.
Reason (R): These bacteria are present in the rumen (a part of the stomach) where they actively
synthesize chlorophyll to assist in cattle digestion.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
189.Consider the following statements regarding the physical outlets and piping connections
of a typical Indian biogas plant:
I. The biogas plant has an gas outlet which is connected to a pipe to supply biogas to nearby
houses.
II. The spent slurry is removed through the same inlet pipe as the raw dung to ensure recycling.
III. Biogas plants are more often built in urban metro cities where raw dung is imported via
trains.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
of a typical Indian biogas plant:
I. The biogas plant has an gas outlet which is connected to a pipe to supply biogas to nearby
houses.
II. The spent slurry is removed through the same inlet pipe as the raw dung to ensure recycling.
III. Biogas plants are more often built in urban metro cities where raw dung is imported via
trains.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
190.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Human beings are unable to digest the cellulose present in their dietary green
foods.
Reason (R): The human digestive system does not possess the symbiotic methanogenic bacteria
required to break down cellulose in the gut.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Human beings are unable to digest the cellulose present in their dietary green
foods.
Reason (R): The human digestive system does not possess the symbiotic methanogenic bacteria
required to break down cellulose in the gut.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
191.Consider the following statements comparing conventional and organic farming
practices:
I. Conventional farming often uses chemical methods to kill both useful and harmful life forms
indiscriminately.
II. Organic farming seeks to develop an understanding of the webs of interaction between
myriad organisms in the field flora and fauna.
III. The organic farming approach seeks to completely sterilize the soil to ensure zero microbial
life before sowing.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
practices:
I. Conventional farming often uses chemical methods to kill both useful and harmful life forms
indiscriminately.
II. Organic farming seeks to develop an understanding of the webs of interaction between
myriad organisms in the field flora and fauna.
III. The organic farming approach seeks to completely sterilize the soil to ensure zero microbial
life before sowing.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
192.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): An important part of the biological farming approach is to become familiar with
the various life forms that inhabit the field.
Reason (R): Knowing the life cycles, patterns of feeding, and preferred habitats of predators
and pests is essential to develop appropriate means of biocontrol.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): An important part of the biological farming approach is to become familiar with
the various life forms that inhabit the field.
Reason (R): Knowing the life cycles, patterns of feeding, and preferred habitats of predators
and pests is essential to develop appropriate means of biocontrol.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
193.Which of the following metric coordinates is/are correct regarding the design of an Indian
biogas plant?
I. The depth of the concrete tank is exactly 10-15 feet.
II. The spent slurry is removed through a separate outlet to be used as fertilizer.
III. The floating cover keeps on sinking as more gas is produced in the tank.
Choose the correct option:
biogas plant?
I. The depth of the concrete tank is exactly 10-15 feet.
II. The spent slurry is removed through a separate outlet to be used as fertilizer.
III. The floating cover keeps on sinking as more gas is produced in the tank.
Choose the correct option:
194.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The technology of biogas production in India was developed primarily by
national agricultural and rural commissions.
Reason (R): CSIR and the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) were the two main
organizations responsible for this development.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The technology of biogas production in India was developed primarily by
national agricultural and rural commissions.
Reason (R): CSIR and the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) were the two main
organizations responsible for this development.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
195.Which of the following insect predators are correctly matched with their target
agricultural pest in NCERT?
I. Ladybird – Aphids
II. Dragonflies – Mosquitoes
III. Ladybird – Mosquitoes
IV. Dragonflies – Aphids
Choose the correct option:
agricultural pest in NCERT?
I. Ladybird – Aphids
II. Dragonflies – Mosquitoes
III. Ladybird – Mosquitoes
IV. Dragonflies – Aphids
Choose the correct option:
196.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Biogas generated from cattle dung is commonly called gobar gas in rural India.
Reason (R): Gobar is the traditional Hindi vernacular name for the spent chemical slurry
collected from industrial paper mills.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Biogas generated from cattle dung is commonly called gobar gas in rural India.
Reason (R): Gobar is the traditional Hindi vernacular name for the spent chemical slurry
collected from industrial paper mills.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
197.According to the NCERT text, where are Methanobacterium bacteria found in the
natural environment and inside hosts?
I. In the anaerobic sludge during sewage treatment.
II. In the rumen (a part of the stomach) of cattle.
III. In the highly aerated activated sludge tanks.
Choose the correct option:
natural environment and inside hosts?
I. In the anaerobic sludge during sewage treatment.
II. In the rumen (a part of the stomach) of cattle.
III. In the highly aerated activated sludge tanks.
Choose the correct option:
198.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The concrete tank of a biogas plant is built to a depth of exactly 10-15 feet.
Reason (R): This specific depth allows the floating cover to sink below the slurry level when gas
pressure drops.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The concrete tank of a biogas plant is built to a depth of exactly 10-15 feet.
Reason (R): This specific depth allows the floating cover to sink below the slurry level when gas
pressure drops.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
199.According to the organic farming philosophy, which of the following beliefs is/are correct
in NCERT?
I. Biodiversity furthers health.
II. The more variety a landscape has, the more sustainable it is.
III. High soil sterilization is necessary to ensure crop health.
Choose the correct option:
in NCERT?
I. Biodiversity furthers health.
II. The more variety a landscape has, the more sustainable it is.
III. High soil sterilization is necessary to ensure crop health.
Choose the correct option:
200.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The ladybird is highly valued by organic farmers to control aphids in crop fields.
Reason (R): The ladybird is a familiar beetle with bright red and black markings on its body.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The ladybird is highly valued by organic farmers to control aphids in crop fields.
Reason (R): The ladybird is a familiar beetle with bright red and black markings on its body.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
201.According to the NCERT text, what is the predominant component of the biogas mixture?
I. Methane gas
II. Carbon dioxide gas
III. Hydrogen gas
Choose the correct option:
I. Methane gas
II. Carbon dioxide gas
III. Hydrogen gas
Choose the correct option:
202.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A slurry of cattle dung is fed directly into the concrete tank of a biogas plant.
Reason (R): Cattle dung is highly rich in Methanobacterium which are required to start
methanogenesis.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): A slurry of cattle dung is fed directly into the concrete tank of a biogas plant.
Reason (R): Cattle dung is highly rich in Methanobacterium which are required to start
methanogenesis.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
203.Why are biogas plants more often built in rural areas in India according to NCERT?
I. Because cattle dung is available in large quantities in rural areas.
II. Because rural populations are legally prohibited from using municipal electricity.
III. Because cattle are used for a variety of purposes in rural areas, ensuring a high cattle
population.
Choose the correct option:
I. Because cattle dung is available in large quantities in rural areas.
II. Because rural populations are legally prohibited from using municipal electricity.
III. Because cattle are used for a variety of purposes in rural areas, ensuring a high cattle
population.
Choose the correct option:
204.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The biogas produced in rural plants is primarily utilized for cooking and lighting.
Reason (R): Biogas is highly rich in carbon monoxide which provides a highly stable, non-
luminous flame.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The biogas produced in rural plants is primarily utilized for cooking and lighting.
Reason (R): Biogas is highly rich in carbon monoxide which provides a highly stable, non-
luminous flame.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
205.Which of the following physical descriptions matches the ladybird beetle in Section 8.5?
I. A beetle with red and black markings on its body.
II. A flying insect with transparent wings and metallic blue markings.
III. A green crawling caterpillar that feeds exclusively on brassicas.
Choose the correct option:
I. A beetle with red and black markings on its body.
II. A flying insect with transparent wings and metallic blue markings.
III. A green crawling caterpillar that feeds exclusively on brassicas.
Choose the correct option:
206.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The intensive use of chemical insecticides and pesticides in modern agriculture
has polluted our environment.
Reason (R): These agricultural chemicals are toxic and extremely harmful to human beings and
animals alike.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The intensive use of chemical insecticides and pesticides in modern agriculture
has polluted our environment.
Reason (R): These agricultural chemicals are toxic and extremely harmful to human beings and
animals alike.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
207.Which of the following substrates is metabolized by Methanobacterium to produce
biogas?
I. Cellulosic material
II. Starch-rich grains
III. Heavy petroleum fractions
Choose the correct option:
biogas?
I. Cellulosic material
II. Starch-rich grains
III. Heavy petroleum fractions
Choose the correct option:
208.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The depth of the concrete tank in a typical biogas plant is constructed to exactly
10-15 feet.
Reason (R): A depth of 10-15 feet corresponds to approximately 10-15 meters, providing a
massive volume for sludge digestion.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The depth of the concrete tank in a typical biogas plant is constructed to exactly
10-15 feet.
Reason (R): A depth of 10-15 feet corresponds to approximately 10-15 meters, providing a
massive volume for sludge digestion.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
209.What is the primary benefit of deploying biological control measures in agriculture
according to NCERT?
I. It will greatly reduce our dependence on toxic chemicals and pesticides.
II. It will completely eradicate all insects and pests from the fields.
III. It will increase the chemical resistance of crop plants to weedicides.
Choose the correct option:
according to NCERT?
I. It will greatly reduce our dependence on toxic chemicals and pesticides.
II. It will completely eradicate all insects and pests from the fields.
III. It will increase the chemical resistance of crop plants to weedicides.
Choose the correct option:
210.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Dragonflies are highly valued by organic farmers as natural biocontrol agents.
Reason (R): Dragonflies are useful to get rid of aphids in crop fields.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Dragonflies are highly valued by organic farmers as natural biocontrol agents.
Reason (R): Dragonflies are useful to get rid of aphids in crop fields.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
211.Consider the following statements regarding the biocontrol agent *Bacillus thuringiensis*
(Bt) as described in NCERT:
I. Bt is available in sachets as dried spores which are mixed with water and sprayed onto
vulnerable plants like brassicas and fruit trees.
II. The dried spores are eaten by the insect larvae, and the toxin is subsequently released inside
the gut of the larvae.
III. The bacterial disease caused by Bt will kill both the butterfly caterpillars and all other
beneficial insects present on the plants indiscriminately.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(Bt) as described in NCERT:
I. Bt is available in sachets as dried spores which are mixed with water and sprayed onto
vulnerable plants like brassicas and fruit trees.
II. The dried spores are eaten by the insect larvae, and the toxin is subsequently released inside
the gut of the larvae.
III. The bacterial disease caused by Bt will kill both the butterfly caterpillars and all other
beneficial insects present on the plants indiscriminately.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
212.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Scientists have introduced *Bacillus thuringiensis* toxin genes directly into host
plants to render them resistant to insect pests.
Reason (R): This genetic engineering breakthrough in the last decade has allowed the
cultivation of Bt-cotton in some states of India.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Scientists have introduced *Bacillus thuringiensis* toxin genes directly into host
plants to render them resistant to insect pests.
Reason (R): This genetic engineering breakthrough in the last decade has allowed the
cultivation of Bt-cotton in some states of India.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
213.Consider the following statements regarding the biocontrol fungus *Trichoderma*:
I. *Trichoderma* species are obligate symbiotic fungi that can survive only when physically
wrapped inside root nodules.
II. They are free-living fungi that are extremely common in the root ecosystems.
III. They are effective biocontrol agents of several plant pathogens.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. *Trichoderma* species are obligate symbiotic fungi that can survive only when physically
wrapped inside root nodules.
II. They are free-living fungi that are extremely common in the root ecosystems.
III. They are effective biocontrol agents of several plant pathogens.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
214.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Baculoviruses are excellent biological control candidates because they belong to
the genus *Nucleopolyhedrovirus*.
Reason (R): *Nucleopolyhedrovirus* is a genus of dsDNA viruses that exclusively attack plants
and soil-borne nematodes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Baculoviruses are excellent biological control candidates because they belong to
the genus *Nucleopolyhedrovirus*.
Reason (R): *Nucleopolyhedrovirus* is a genus of dsDNA viruses that exclusively attack plants
and soil-borne nematodes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
215.Consider the following statements regarding the ecological and non-target effects of
baculoviruses (specifically *Nucleopolyhedrovirus*):
I. They are excellent candidates for species-specific, narrow-spectrum insecticidal applications.
II. They have been shown to have negative impacts on non-target birds and mammals if ingested
in large quantities.
III. They are highly desirable when beneficial insects are being conserved to aid in an overall
integrated pest management (IPM) programme.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
baculoviruses (specifically *Nucleopolyhedrovirus*):
I. They are excellent candidates for species-specific, narrow-spectrum insecticidal applications.
II. They have been shown to have negative impacts on non-target birds and mammals if ingested
in large quantities.
III. They are highly desirable when beneficial insects are being conserved to aid in an overall
integrated pest management (IPM) programme.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
216.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Biofertilisers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil.
Reason (R): The main biological sources of commercially available biofertilisers are bacteria,
fungi, and cyanobacteria.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Biofertilisers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil.
Reason (R): The main biological sources of commercially available biofertilisers are bacteria,
fungi, and cyanobacteria.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
217.Consider the following statements regarding the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium
*Rhizobium*:
I. *Rhizobium* forms a symbiotic association with the roots of all angiosperm crop plants
indiscriminately.
II. The symbiotic association results in the formation of specialized nodules on the roots of
leguminous plants.
III. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms, which can be directly utilized by
the host plant as nutrients.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
*Rhizobium*:
I. *Rhizobium* forms a symbiotic association with the roots of all angiosperm crop plants
indiscriminately.
II. The symbiotic association results in the formation of specialized nodules on the roots of
leguminous plants.
III. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms, which can be directly utilized by
the host plant as nutrients.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
218.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): *Azospirillum* and *Azotobacter* are free-living bacteria that enrich the
nitrogen content of the soil.
Reason (R): These bacteria are commonly found inside the root nodules of leguminous crops
where they fix nitrogen anaerobically.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): *Azospirillum* and *Azotobacter* are free-living bacteria that enrich the
nitrogen content of the soil.
Reason (R): These bacteria are commonly found inside the root nodules of leguminous crops
where they fix nitrogen anaerobically.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
219.Consider the following statements regarding the fungal biofertiliser *Mycorrhiza*:
I. Fungi form symbiotic associations with plants, which are termed mycorrhiza.
II. Many members of the genus *Glomus* form mycorrhiza.
III. The fungal symbiont in these associations absorbs atmospheric nitrogen and passes it to the
plant roots.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Fungi form symbiotic associations with plants, which are termed mycorrhiza.
II. Many members of the genus *Glomus* form mycorrhiza.
III. The fungal symbiont in these associations absorbs atmospheric nitrogen and passes it to the
plant roots.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
220.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Plants having mycorrhizal associations exhibit high tolerance to salinity and
drought conditions.
Reason (R): The symbiotic association provides host plants with resistance to root-borne
pathogens and an overall increase in growth and development.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Plants having mycorrhizal associations exhibit high tolerance to salinity and
drought conditions.
Reason (R): The symbiotic association provides host plants with resistance to root-borne
pathogens and an overall increase in growth and development.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
221.Consider the following statements regarding cyanobacterial biofertilisers:
I. Cyanobacteria are heterotrophic microbes widely distributed only in extreme thermal geysers.
II. Many cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen, with examples like *Anabaena*,
*Nostoc*, and *Oscillatoria*.
III. In paddy fields, cyanobacteria serve as an extremely important biofertiliser.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Cyanobacteria are heterotrophic microbes widely distributed only in extreme thermal geysers.
II. Many cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen, with examples like *Anabaena*,
*Nostoc*, and *Oscillatoria*.
III. In paddy fields, cyanobacteria serve as an extremely important biofertiliser.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
222.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Blue-green algae are highly valued for increasing the overall organic matter and
fertility of the soil.
Reason (R): Blue-green algae are autotrophic microbes that physically add organic carbon to
the soil through photosynthesis and decomposition.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Blue-green algae are highly valued for increasing the overall organic matter and
fertility of the soil.
Reason (R): Blue-green algae are autotrophic microbes that physically add organic carbon to
the soil through photosynthesis and decomposition.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
223.According to the concluding sentences of Section 8.6, what is the current market status
and agricultural utility of biofertilisers in India?
I. A number of biofertilisers are available commercially in the market in our country.
II. Farmers use them regularly in their fields to replenish soil nutrients.
III. The use of commercial biofertilisers has completely eliminated the need for chemical
nitrogenous imports.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
and agricultural utility of biofertilisers in India?
I. A number of biofertilisers are available commercially in the market in our country.
II. Farmers use them regularly in their fields to replenish soil nutrients.
III. The use of commercial biofertilisers has completely eliminated the need for chemical
nitrogenous imports.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
224.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The organic farmer works to maintain pest creatures at manageable levels rather
than seeking their complete eradication.
Reason (R): A vibrant and living ecosystem relies on a complex system of checks and balances to
keep pests from overwhelming the crops.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The organic farmer works to maintain pest creatures at manageable levels rather
than seeking their complete eradication.
Reason (R): A vibrant and living ecosystem relies on a complex system of checks and balances to
keep pests from overwhelming the crops.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
225.According to the Chapter 8 Summary, which of the following statements is/are correct?
I. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) grow in milk to convert it into curd.
II. The dough used to make bread is fermented by the yeast *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*.
III. Bacteria and fungi are used to impart particular texture, taste, and flavor to cheese.
Choose the correct option:
I. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) grow in milk to convert it into curd.
II. The dough used to make bread is fermented by the yeast *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*.
III. Bacteria and fungi are used to impart particular texture, taste, and flavor to cheese.
Choose the correct option:
226.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Microbes have been utilized to treat sewage (waste water) for more than a
hundred years across the globe.
Reason (R): The primary mechanism of this treatment involves the process of activated sludge
formation, which assists in water recycling in nature.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Microbes have been utilized to treat sewage (waste water) for more than a
hundred years across the globe.
Reason (R): The primary mechanism of this treatment involves the process of activated sludge
formation, which assists in water recycling in nature.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
227.In NCERT Exercise 11, three water samples (river water, untreated sewage, and
secondary STP effluent) were recorded with BOD values of 20 mg/L, 8 mg/L, and 400 mg/L.
Which of the following labeling combinations is correct?
I. 400 mg/L corresponds to untreated sewage water.
II. 20 mg/L corresponds to secondary effluent.
III. 8 mg/L corresponds to relatively clean river water.
Choose the correct option:
secondary STP effluent) were recorded with BOD values of 20 mg/L, 8 mg/L, and 400 mg/L.
Which of the following labeling combinations is correct?
I. 400 mg/L corresponds to untreated sewage water.
II. 20 mg/L corresponds to secondary effluent.
III. 8 mg/L corresponds to relatively clean river water.
Choose the correct option:
228.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): According to standard biological rationale for Exercise 14, Penicillin is ranked as
the most important microbial product for human society among Penicillin, Biogas, Curd, and
Citric acid.
Reason (R): Penicillin is a life-saving antibiotic that has saved millions of human lives from
deadly infectious diseases globally.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): According to standard biological rationale for Exercise 14, Penicillin is ranked as
the most important microbial product for human society among Penicillin, Biogas, Curd, and
Citric acid.
Reason (R): Penicillin is a life-saving antibiotic that has saved millions of human lives from
deadly infectious diseases globally.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
229.Match the bioactive molecules with their producing microbes as per NCERT:
I. Cyclosporin A – *Trichoderma polysporum* (a fungus)
II. Statins – *Monascus purpureus* (a yeast)
III. Streptokinase – *Streptococcus* (a bacterium)
Which of the combinations given above are correct?
I. Cyclosporin A – *Trichoderma polysporum* (a fungus)
II. Statins – *Monascus purpureus* (a yeast)
III. Streptokinase – *Streptococcus* (a bacterium)
Which of the combinations given above are correct?
230.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Baculoviruses are highly recommended for use in integrated pest management
(IPM) programmes in ecologically sensitive zones.
Reason (R): These pathogens are highly species-specific and exhibit zero negative impacts on
plants, birds, mammals, fish, or non-target insects.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Baculoviruses are highly recommended for use in integrated pest management
(IPM) programmes in ecologically sensitive zones.
Reason (R): These pathogens are highly species-specific and exhibit zero negative impacts on
plants, birds, mammals, fish, or non-target insects.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
231.Which of the following biological pairs are correctly grouped based on their nitrogen-
fixing lifestyle in soil?
I. Symbiotic nitrogen fixer: *Rhizobium*
II. Free-living nitrogen fixer: *Azotobacter*
III. Symbiotic nitrogen fixer: *Azospirillum*
Choose the correct option:
fixing lifestyle in soil?
I. Symbiotic nitrogen fixer: *Rhizobium*
II. Free-living nitrogen fixer: *Azotobacter*
III. Symbiotic nitrogen fixer: *Azospirillum*
Choose the correct option:
232.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Members of the genus *Glomus* are highly utilized in modern organic farming
systems.
Reason (R): These fungi form symbiotic mycorrhizal associations that selectively absorb
potassium from the soil and pass it to host crops.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Members of the genus *Glomus* are highly utilized in modern organic farming
systems.
Reason (R): These fungi form symbiotic mycorrhizal associations that selectively absorb
potassium from the soil and pass it to host crops.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
233.According to the NCERT text, which of the following autotrophic microbes are listed as
cyanobacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen?
I. *Anabaena*
II. *Nostoc*
III. *Oscillatoria*
IV. *Streptomyces*
Choose the correct option:
cyanobacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen?
I. *Anabaena*
II. *Nostoc*
III. *Oscillatoria*
IV. *Streptomyces*
Choose the correct option:
234.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) grow in milk and convert it to curd, enhancing its
nutritional quality.
Reason (R): During growth, LAB produce acids that completely digest the milk proteins,
releasing free vitamin B12.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) grow in milk and convert it to curd, enhancing its
nutritional quality.
Reason (R): During growth, LAB produce acids that completely digest the milk proteins,
releasing free vitamin B12.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
235.Which of the following pairings of cheese variety, characteristic feature, and producing
microbe is/are correct in NCERT?
I. Swiss cheese – Large holes – *Propionibacterium shermanii* (a bacterium)
II. Roquefort cheese – Particular flavour – Specific fungi grown on them
III. Roquefort cheese – Large holes – *Penicillium roqueforti* (a yeast)
Choose the correct option:
microbe is/are correct in NCERT?
I. Swiss cheese – Large holes – *Propionibacterium shermanii* (a bacterium)
II. Roquefort cheese – Particular flavour – Specific fungi grown on them
III. Roquefort cheese – Large holes – *Penicillium roqueforti* (a yeast)
Choose the correct option:
236.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): *Aspergillus niger* is highly valued for the industrial production of citric acid.
Reason (R): *Aspergillus niger* is a highly efficient bacterium widely distributed in acidic soils.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): *Aspergillus niger* is highly valued for the industrial production of citric acid.
Reason (R): *Aspergillus niger* is a highly efficient bacterium widely distributed in acidic soils.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
237.Consider the following statements regarding the bioactive molecule Statins:
I. Statins are produced by the yeast *Monascus purpureus*.
II. They have been commercialised as highly effective blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
III. They act by non-competitively and irreversibly destroying the target hepatic cell
membranes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
I. Statins are produced by the yeast *Monascus purpureus*.
II. They have been commercialised as highly effective blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
III. They act by non-competitively and irreversibly destroying the target hepatic cell
membranes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
238.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The primary sludge collected during physical sewage treatment contains a high
density of aerobic bacterial flocs.
Reason (R): Primary sludge is formed strictly during the physical grit sedimentation phase,
whereas flocs are grown biologically during secondary aeration.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): The primary sludge collected during physical sewage treatment contains a high
density of aerobic bacterial flocs.
Reason (R): Primary sludge is formed strictly during the physical grit sedimentation phase,
whereas flocs are grown biologically during secondary aeration.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
239.Consider the following statements regarding the physical structure of a typical gobar gas
plant:
I. The plant consists of a concrete tank that is built exactly 10-15 metres deep.
II. A floating cover is placed over the slurry, which keeps on rising as gas is produced.
III. The spent slurry is removed through a separate outlet and utilized as organic fertilizer.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
plant:
I. The plant consists of a concrete tank that is built exactly 10-15 metres deep.
II. A floating cover is placed over the slurry, which keeps on rising as gas is produced.
III. The spent slurry is removed through a separate outlet and utilized as organic fertilizer.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
240.Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Conserving beneficial insects is highly desirable when treating ecologically
sensitive crops for agricultural pests.
Reason (R): Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes frequently utilize
*Nucleopolyhedrovirus* to selectively target pests while leaving predators unharmed.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Conserving beneficial insects is highly desirable when treating ecologically
sensitive crops for agricultural pests.
Reason (R): Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes frequently utilize
*Nucleopolyhedrovirus* to selectively target pests while leaving predators unharmed.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer:
Answer Key
13
22
34
44
51
63
73
84
92
103
111
124
132
142
151
161
172
183
194
202
212
224
234
241
252
264
271
284
293
301
312
322
331
341
351
362
374
384
391
401
412
423
432
442
453
463
474
482
493
502
512
523
532
543
553
564
572
583
594
601
611
624
634
643
652
663
671
684
691
704
711
721
731
743
751
762
772
781
793
802
812
824
832
842
854
864
874
884
893
903
912
923
932
942
952
961
973
984
994
1001
1014
1023
1031
1043
1054
1063
1072
1081
1092
1104
1112
1121
1134
1142
1152
1163
1174
1182
1194
1203
1214
1224
1232
1242
1254
1264
1274
1281
1291
1304
1314
1321
1332
1344
1353
1363
1372
1384
1393
1404
1413
1423
1431
1444
1454
1464
1472
1483
1493
1504
1513
1521
1531
1543
1554
1562
1572
1581
1594
1601
1612
1622
1634
1641
1652
1662
1674
1683
1694
1701
1714
1723
1731
1743
1752
1764
1773
1781
1794
1801
1814
1821
1834
1842
1853
1861
1871
1884
1892
1903
1913
1923
1932
1942
1951
1963
1973
1984
1992
2001
2013
2024
2034
2044
2054
2062
2071
2083
2094
2102
2112
2124
2132
2141
2151
2162
2173
2183
2192
2201
2211
2221
2231
2244
2254
2263
2271
2282
2292
2303
2313
2323
2333
2343
2353
2364
2373
2383
2394
2404